This paper completes the study based on the results of the surveys of submarine topography, tectonic geology and geomagnetism off Akita and Yamagata, carried out simultaneously by the Survey Ship “Meiyo” of the Hydrographic Office of Japan from October to November 1967.
Among the points studied, the following are worthy of note :
(1) The formation of the continental shelf is due to the fill of sediments between the mainland and the elevations at the edge of the base.
(2) Both Okujiri Ridge and Sado Ridge are accompanied by a number of faults, thus having the characteristic of horst. Magnetic anomalies have been observed along those faults, which can be considered to be due to the igneous rocks extruded along the faults.
(3) The base underneath Mogami Trough presents rugged features in many places, attended with a lot of faults. From this, it is concluded that an extension of Sado Ridge stretches into the trough. Magnetic anomalies in this area have been observed along the faults associated with the rugged features of the base.
(4) All basins are separated one another with different elevations of the base. In comparing those basins as a whole, it has been made clear that the more southern a basin is located, the shallower is its depth. As for each basin, the layer of sediments is thick in the southern part of the basin while thin in the northern portion. In some of the depressions the filling-in has not yet finished.
(5) Submarine valleys have apparently been formed by turbid currents which intermittently occur in this region.

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The purpose of the author is to obtain the method to estimate the several climatic values based on the average monthly air temperature. For this purpose, the author investigated the relation between the air temperature and several climatic values, using the climatic data of meteorological offices in Japan. The results are as follows ;
1) The relation between the average monthly minimum air temperature and the number of days under 0°C (Fig. 1), the length of the period under 0°C (Fig. 2) or the average calendar-day at the end of the freezing season (Fig. 4) can be shown by the tendency curve with little deviations.
2) The average calendar-day leaving 0°C in minimum air temperature in spring (the end of freezing season) is closely related to the number of days under 0°C. Using the Fig. 6 showing the relation in each month, the author obtained Fig. 7, by which the number of freezing days after that day can be estimated.
3) Regarding the minimum air temperature, the number of days under 0°C at 1.5 meter level is not always closely related to it near the ground (Fig. 8). But the deviations from the tendency-curve show the relation form a geographical pattern (Fig. 9).
4) The relations between the average calendar-day with last-frost and the average monthly minimum air temperature are known (Fig. 10). From the figure the retarding-rate of the former per 1°C in the latter can be estimated as shown in Fig. 11. And the distribution of the climatic last-frost day will be obtained in micro-pattern corresponding to the distribution of average minimum air temperature.

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Wellington Fault belongs to the major fault belt which extends NE-SW through New Zealand, Namely, Alpine Fault of South Island extends along the northwestern side of the Southern Alps and the fault branches at the north end of the South Island into the Wangamoa, Wairau, Awatere, Clarence, Kekerengu, Hop-kaikoura and Port Pass Faults. And so, the Weillington Fault is regarded as the continuation of the Awatere Fault, and the Wairarapa Fault is regarded as the continuation of the Kekerengu Fault. These faults are mostly active and even in the historic past of 120 years, numerous earthquakes took place associated with crustal deformations. Wellington Fault has a boldly defined, fairly straight course and can readily be traced north-east for 150 miles from Cook Strait through Wellington City and along the west of the Wellington Harbour and Hutt Valley. Wellington Fault is a clockwise transcurrent fault and upthrow of the crustal blocks bordering this fault has raised the hill country to the west of it, while downthrow and buckling of the land to the east has helped to form the Port Nicholson and Hutt Valley depressions. At the upper levels of the western side of Wellington City, there are remains of Peneplains which are called the 'K' Surface by C. A. Cotton. Perhaps the 'K' Surface can be classified into some surfaces.
The periglacial deposits were found by C. A. Cotton and M. T. Te Punga for the first time at Wellington. The periglacial deposits of the South Island in New Zealand were found by Jane Soons, Mr. Brockie and others.
Two periglacial deposits-stratified scree and stratified solifluction tongue-were classified by Jane M. Soons in South Island. But, there are many problems on the periglacial geomorphology in New Zealand.

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1. The Kamiyachi site of early Paleolithic era has been found in the Nakatsugawa valley, southern part of the Yamagata prefecture. There are 6 geomorphological surfaces in this valley, and the site is located on the higher terrace II. This terrace is composed of thick clay or silt layers, nich seem to be lacustrine deposits. In the period of the making of this surface, the Nakatsugawa valley was changed into a lake caused by some landslides.
2. Stone tools discovered from Kamiyachi loc. B are pointed tools (Gongen-yama type), scrapers, knives, proto handaxes, picks, choppers, chopping tools, pebblepoints, hammerstones, disc-cores (Levalloisian type), flakes, amorphous tools etc. This culture, containing Levalloisian technique and “Gongen-yama type pointed tools”, may be correlated to the paleolithic culture of the Middle Loam era in the Kanto district.
3. From the view point of the geomorphological and archeological study, it would be possible to say that the site was formed by the middle of the Würm glacial stage.

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In the transportation network of Edo period (1603-1868), coastal shipping played the major role, and roads functioned as its feeders. Many port-towns were prosperous as the place of transshipment in those days. The spread of railway transportation in the later half of the nineteenth century, entirely deprived the port-towns of their economic basis, and compelled them to reshape their economy by means of contact with trunk railway network. Tomo and Shimotsui, on the Inland Sea had been famous as port-towns of economic importance. Each of the two towns consturcted a narrow gauge railway (2 feet 6 inches) in 1910's with its own fund, collecting the petty deposits of the inhabitants, and the railways were operated by the financial aid of the central government. The leaders of the investments were farm-land owners (in case of Tomo) or shipowners (in case of Shimotsui). In both cases, they switched their businesses from brokers of fertilizer (dried herring carried from Hokkaido), who were the richest class in harbour-towns in Edo period. They also regarded their railways as an important contribution to the development of transportation Honshu and Shikoku.

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The culture of Chestnuts of Tanba-variety in Ibaraki Prefecture has been gradually developed since 1898. The chestnut culture in the prefecture dominates all other prefectures in Japan in 1964, which 16.9% of the total area of chestnut fields and 16.0% of the national yield. The chestnut fields are distributed on the diluvial hilly land covered with volcanic ash, and most of them were converted from forest land or unirrigated fields.
The development of the chestnut culture is divided to two periods based on the difference in the nature of farming type and farm management. In the first half of the period before 1955, the culture was managed by landowners, but after the World War II it has been introduced by middle and lower class farmers. They aimed to enlarge the scale of their farming by means of conversion from forest land to chestnut fields. The introduction of chestnut culture into farming system was a reflection of the economic conditions such as agricultural panic in the first period of Showa era and inflation in the postwar period. In other words, chestnut culture was significant as a subsidiary crop in farm economy which has been limited to rice farming for a long time.
After 1955, two farming types of chestnut culture appeared. The one is the trend to specialize in chestnut culture with extensive fields. The other is the development in adaptation to the shortage of labour in the last two decades. In this case, many of the chestnut fields are converted from unirrigated fields.
The chestnut growing areas in the central part of Ibaraki prefecture forms an agricultural region characterized by chestnut culture. However, according to the authors survey the agricultural structure in the region is still unstable in its farming system and farm economy.

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In the Zaô valcano, the crater lake “Okama” has been famous as an active center in the historic time. Soon after the cease of the last activity in 1939 at the entrance of the Jigoku-sawa, several fumaroles were suddenly opened, in which the steady state has since been maintained for thirty years. In the early spring of 1966, the activity suddenly, occurred in the vicinity of Kamoshika Spa. Especially, near the junction of the Nigori-gawa and the Furiko-sawa, a new hot-spring started to gush out. Supplied with the acid water of the spring, the pH value of the river water became much lower than ever in its middle and lower course. Therefore, since 1966 the river water has not been used for the irrigation.

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Recent volcanic ash with laminations accumulates on the surface of the Katayama geothermal area in the Onikobe basin.
The volcanic ash layer has a dark gray color, and includes plant leaves, opal etc. In view of these facts, this ash had been deposited in the paleo-Iake in Holocene, and was influenced by solfataric action.

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There are some small sand mounds on the IV marine terrace (about 30 m above sea level). The height of mound is 50cm and the diameter is 50-100cm. They are similar to “hammock”. The mounds cover the old sand dune and are covered with small bush. The sand of mounds is different from the sand of old dune (Fig.). It is not clear whether the feature is a periglacial one.

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The so-called Akita-Sugi, the cryptomeria in the natural forests of the Akita district, were used for manufacturing special goods, with its lumber of high quality. But nowadays, decrease of the natural cryptomeria exerts an influence upon its manufacture-manufacturing meiboku (precious wood), tarumaru (wood for a cask).
Moreover, the high reputation of such woodworks in the markets encourages the development of the manufacture.

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