Auf dem Rokkô-Gebirge nördlich von der Stadt Ashiya in der Provinz Hyôgo, findet sich etwa 500 Metern hoch eine Fläche, worauf sich ein ziemlich tiefer, dichter und tonreicher Boden verbreiten. Das Profil dieses Bodens sieht sehr beständig aus, als ob er der reifste Boden aus Granit in der Umbegung wäre.
Bemerkenswert ist, daß einige Bodeneigenschaften —zu Beispielen physikalische Eigenschaften, Körngrößesverteilung und Mineralzusammensetzung— sich in einer Tiefe zwischen der Oberfläche und dem unterliegenden Granit scharf verändern. Deshalb kann der Boden trotz seines beständigen Profils kein gewöhnlich autochtoner sein, und im wesentlichen nicht so beständig sein, wie er aussieht. Außerdem ist es aus Rücksicht auf die Flächenentwicklung denkbar, daß er ein Reliktboden sein könnte.
Die Verfasser vermuten, daß solche Böden sich weiter auf den gleichartigen Flächen verbreiten mögen. Die Böden sollen in Betracht der obenerwähnten aufmerksam erhalten und gebraucht werden.

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Geomorphic surfaces in Tôno Basin are composed of Tôno gentle slope-I (Tg-I), Tôno gentle-slope-II (Tg-II), Tôno terrace (Tt) and alluvial plain.
The highest surface, Tg-I, is the oldest and erosional one shaved the deep-weathered granitic rocks, which is covered with thin fragmentary deposits red-weathered in their lower part. Denudation of base rocks have brought talus-like or fan-like deposits consist of gravel and sand at the foot of Tg-I. Perhaps it occurred in a stage of slope-instability before the Würm maximum, and then chemical weathering of gravel bed, or red-weathering of slope deposits on Tg-I, followed under the warmer climatic condition.
The terrace (Tt), the lowest surface, was continually formed under periglacial condition through the Würm maximum to the next warmer period (the Alleröd Stage?). The terrace deposits consist of solifluction products along the Sarugaishi River in the west, of fluvial products like fan deposits on the right of the Hayase River in the south, and of intermingled deposits of solifluction and fluvial products along the Ogarase River in the north, as well as on the left of the Hayase and the Rainai in the south-west.
Thereafter, Tg-II was formed under the cold climate probably of the last substage in the Würm, as depositional gentle slope with solifluction products, overlying the Tt surface.
Alluvial plain has been developed since the Holocene, resulted from the swinging and shifting of river channels.
There are some regional patterns in distribution and materials of these geomorphic surfaces, especially of Tg-II and Tt. The area along the Sarugaishi River is colluvial in character, the area on the right of the Hayase River is fluvial, and the area along the Ogarase River, on the left of the Hayase and the Rainai River, is colluvio-fluvial.

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A particular distribution pattern of air temperature above and near the river appears reflecting the influence of river water, which is smaller as water body compared with sea or lake. The river may be considered as the heat source to air at night in cooler seasons and as the heat sink in the daytime in warmer seasons.
The data of detailed measurement above and near the river shows that the air temperature is clearly higher on the river than on the adjacent field at night in autumn and is lower in the daytime in summer. The difference between air temperatures on the river and on the field lessens higher above the ground, but it remains at the higher points than 14m above the river. Under calm, warmer or cooler air above the river does not spread so far out of the river, but breeze, it reaches some hundred meter leeward from the river. The difference between air temperatures on the bridge and on the adjacent field (ΔT_b-a) changes according to the difference between water temperature of the river and air temperature on the field (ΔT_w-a). There is a linear relation between ΔT_w-a and ΔT_b-a.

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The writer analyzed various aspects of the regional changes in trade specialization and distribution of the trade employees in cities, towns and villages of Miyagi prefecture from 1960 to 1970. The results are summarized as follows.
(1) All the cities, towns and villages can be classified into two groups, developed or less developed as for the trade by the index of the coefficient of specialization.
Number of trade employees in each city, town and village/Number of industry employees in each city, town and village/Number of trade employees all Japan/Number of industry employees all Japan=coefficient of specialization
(2) The larger are cities and towns, the less is the change rate of the coefficient of specialization and the change rate of the share occupied by trade (retail and wholesale) employees in all employees.
(3) Considering the combination of the change rates in total population, number of manufacturing industry employees and number of trade employees between 1960 and 1970, we can distinguish following four regional patterns in Miyagi prefecture.
Type A: All the rates increased. Sendai and its neighboring cities and towns, Ishinomaki and Kesennuma Cities belong to this type.
Type B: Trade and manufacturing industry employees increased while total population decreased. This type includes such regional trade centers as Furukawa, Shiroishi, Kakuda and Hazama.
Type C: Only trade employees increased though total population and manufacturing industry employees decreased. Small regional trade centers in rural region are included in this type.
Type D : All the rates decreased. This type is found in towns and villages in the less developed region in the mountains and along the Pacific coast.
(4) There is rather conspicuous trend that the number of the trade employees increased in adjusted proportion to the total population. However, this relationship is occasionally false. For example, the trade shops and their employees along the highways increased even in the rural regions where total population considerably decreased.

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The coastal geomorphology is discussed at Okino-erabu Island, one of the coral islands in the Southwest Archipelagos, Japan.
The author classified the shoreline of this island based on the combination of some elements of coastal geomorphology, i. e. vertical coastal cliff (15-70m a. s. l.), sea cliff, intertidal bench, submarine bench and grooves. The relation between the classification and the distribution of several types of notches is clarified (Fig. 1).
Higher postglacial sea levels are deduced from the altitudes of notches, beach rocks and negroheads, namely:
1) the 2.4m level a. s. l, is suggested by emerged negroheads and emerged beach rocks,
2) the 1.8m level is deduced from average altitude of retreat points of all measured notches without structural ones, average altitude of retreat points of V-shaped notches and emerged beach rocks,
3) the 1.1m level is shown with emerged beach rocks (Fig. 7).

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Yamase, a cool easterly wind system, often blows over the Pacific Coast of Northeast Japan in early summer. Temperature distributions under it were discussed in some cases in Aomori Prefecture, northernmost part of the main land of Japan.
Among days of June and July (1908-1970), 105 days, in which Yamase was observed at Hachinohe Observatory, were used as examples.
In terms of analysis of air temperatures at 38 meteorological stations in this prefecture (Fig. 1), areal boundaries which divide areas directly influenced by Yamase from others are found. They run in forms of remarkable discontinuities on temperature distributions (Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5) along hills athwart this wind and at places where it meets with other local wind systems from inland as well.
Based on these boundaries this prefecture is divided into three sections as seen in Fig. 6.

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A fault running NW to SE is observed in the Saijyô Basin (broken line in the illustration). From the extension of fault line and the features of fault seen in a outcrop, it seems probable that the faulting along this line occurred intermittently since early Quaternary. The bearing with the tectonic line of NE-SW trend in the Chûgoku Mountains must be examined in relation to the formation of the Saijô Basin.

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Distribution of distance within an area has to be measured not by frequency distribution, but by function of probability distribution. The writer shows a figure of the probability distribution of distance measured on a square (1×1).

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The Japanese have done less in the field of marketing geography than have their colleagues in the United States. Certain of the more important recent works in the marketing field in the United States are published by D. A. Revzan, J. E. Vance, Jr, and D. F. Mulvihill and R. C. Mulvihill, but without any attempt at systematic coverage.
Originally, economic geography consists of the fields of primary production, manufacturing, marketing and transportation. The well-developed fields of economic geography are concerned with the production of material goods. However, production represents only one side of economic activities. For those geographers who view the core of geography as primary the analysis of spatial connections and interactions, the study of marketing and, in broader sense, of spatial structure and pattern of distribution of goods is of crucial importance. In view of the obvious importance of marketing to geography, it is surprising how little work concerning it has been done by geographers, and marketing has until recently been considered by geographers as hardly more than incidental to the various topics concerned with material production.
The field of marketing geography is undergoing a new development, although it is still in the stage of seeking the most effective procedures for carrying out geographic analyses and for arriving at useful concepts of spatial association and interactions.
Studies in various aspects of marketing geography are undertaken for a number of different objectives. Goods must not only be transported from the areas of production to those of consumption, but they also must be transferred from the hands of producers, by collection and subsequent distribution, into the hands of consumers. That is to say, many products used by industry are sold directly. Most goods, however, follow a less direct course of distribution and go through several channels before reaching consumer. Thus, marketing geography is concerned with the delimitation and measurement of markets and with the channels of distribution through which goods move from producer to consumer. In order to analyse the structure and pattern of distribution of goods, it is necessary to find some way of measuring the flow of traffic, including its volume of movement, its origin and destination, and the channels of distribution and its whole link. In the study of channels of distribution that perform functions in transfer of goods and services from producer to consumer, the market geographer is primary concerned with the location of these channels, and he determines the trading areas served by the various channels. As some of urban functions are devoted to the structures of wholesale and retail trade, the various cities with the complex channels of distribution and their trading and selling areas can be considered as forming a hierarchy of nodal regions of different ranks.
Thus, some of problems that need to be investigated are discussed under four heads:
1) Spatial analysis of respective traffic flow of goods.
2) Delineating of trading and selling areas of wholesaling.
3) Comparative study of cities with various channels of circulation of goods.
4) Analysis of a hierarchy of ranks of cities, viewed from the function of channels of distribution.

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