The purpose of this study is to investigate the actual condition of the residential mobility and its location in a small city region, where the circumstances are comparatively hard for human settlement.
A case study was done in the Shinjo City area, Yamagata Prefecture. The area is characterized by heavy snowfalls and inactive industries. In this paper, the data of “Jumin-kihon-daicho” (the basic municipal register of inhabitants) are used, and the state of residential mobility and the change of residential districts are discussed.
The results are summarized as follows:
The movement of finding jobs, school attendance, transference, marriage etc.. Moreover, there are the different types of movements, such as intra-urban mobility accompanied by the renewal of housing or change of rental housing, retirement movement to the central area of the prefecture, migration from rural hamlets or towns to the urban district, and intra-rural change of housing location. These types of movement may be affected by the place utilities of each residential districts.
The number of households in each residential district is decreasing in the old urban district and increasing in the new urban district, in the last ten years. This trend is mainly contributed by the direct movement of households between two districts.
There are changes not only in the quantity but also in the quality of inhabitants of the urban districts. The short distance movements, affected by the place utility, may have strong relations with the change of residential quality than other types of movements.

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In this paper, the author tried to reveal characteristic function and hierarchy of ranks of cities where estabishments and wholesale employees are concentrated, and explain spatial stucture of networks of wholesaling, by analyzing distribution of plants of great general trading companies. The results of the analysis are as follows.
(1) It has become more remarkably that wholesale employees are concentrating in the Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya Metropolitan Regions. Above all, the employees aggromerating in these regions are about 39per cent and the employees in Tokyo are 21per cent of Japan.
(2) Hierarchy of ranks of the sales amount of wholesaling in cities looks like ranks of the scale of population. These cities are classified into four categories.
National center: Tokyo, Osaka and Nagoya (employees: Tokyo-750, 000, Osaka-400, 000 and Nagoya-70, 000)
Regional center: Sapporo, Fukuoka, Sendai, Hiroshima, Kyoto, Kobe and Yokohama (emplyees: more than 50, 000)
Prefectural capital and the other major cities (employees: more than 10, 000), 41 cities
Local center: the cities have employees less than 10, 000 and over 1, 000 about 60 cities. (647 cities in Japan)
(3) Various distributions of many establishments and branches of nine great general trading companies were divided into two types. The one is the pattern of general distribution center which are nodal points in networks of wholesaling activities. The other is the pattern of the branch of the head quarter located in industrial region or textile industry zone.

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In any economic structure of a region with regard to supply and demand, one of the important criteria is freight flow that exists between regions. It was ascertained that ton-km of freight flow by rail is the most important in Korea.
In this thesis, an attempt is made to clarify the spatial pattern and to build traffic core regions. This is to clarify the characteristics of traffic core regions on freight flow by railroads in Korea.
For this purpose the flow pattern of freight was analysed by the Q-mode and the R-mode factors. Traffic core regions determined by group average and multiple linkage analyses, and the character of the origin and destination were analysed.
Flow data in this paper emanate from matrices produced by the Office of the Korean National Railroads contained in part in their publication estimates of Korean Inter-Zonal Freight Flow, 1977. Estimates were produced by total rail freight flow (tons) between 56 zones.
Major findings are as follows:
(1) Freight flow by origin and destination by rail determind 10 types of flow patterns. In addition, this flow structure was added to local and regional flows on the basis of national flow (double stucture).
(2) In the traffic core regions that resulted by analysis of the flow pattern, there are 8 traffic core regions by outflow (Cheolam, Gohan, Dogye-Bugpyeong, Ssangryong-Jecheon, Daecheon, Yeosu-Hwasun, Mungyeong, Ulsan) and traffic core regions by inflow were builded 2 regions (Seoul, Busan).
(3) Centralality was measured by eigenvalue and factor score, and the order of traffic core regions by outflow consisted of Ulsan, Gohan, Cheolam, Ssangryong-Jecheon, Mungyeong, Yeosu-Hwasun, Dogye-Bugpyeong and Daecheon. The order of traffic core regions by inflow consisted of Seoul and Busan.
(4) The traffic core regions by outflow are constituted by regions producing underground resources and heavy-chemical manufacture. Traffic core regions by inflow are constituted by large consuming and developed areas of manufacturing. Finally it may be difficult to determine the factor of freight flow by rail; however, it is explained more or less by the relationship between underground resources, population and manufacturing in Korea.

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The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial organization of rural residents' use of medical facilities, and to consider this organization as part of their general living behavior. With this aim in mind we have studied how residents of Dejima-mura Ibaraki prefecture select medical facilities and how this process of selection creates a medical service area.
The method used was a centralization survey: Interviews with rural residents, medical employees and local identify the medical service areas. We tabulated the addresses of patients using each medical facility: This information was provided from the local government officer's national health insurance records of consultations.
The results can be summarized in four sections.
(1) In a rural community, the medical service network does not change much, and the spatial organization of medical facilities is relatively fixed.
(2) For each area, the proportion of patients seeking consultation to the total population was calculated. The highest proportion was observed in the southern area. This was due to the lotus root cultivation, an occupational disease of lotus root growing area.
(3) Selection of medical facilities is influenced by a variety of factors: distance, type of illness, age of patient, residential history, quality and age of medical facilities, patient's personal reference for certain physicians, physician's reputation, etc.
(4) In this community there is a dual structure, composing the medical service area inside the community, and one outside. The former, which could be called the “consultation area” has changed to some extent because of hospitals opening up or closing down. The latter, however, which could be called the “hospitalization area”, exhibits a fixed pattern, despite recent developments in motalization.

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This paper deals with some results of the restoration works on the ancient paddy field pattern called the Jori System, a grid-pattern land development, in the middle-northern part of the coastal area, Fukushima Prefecture.
In this coastal area, the farmers suffered big losses from the bad crops because of the cold weather in 1905.
In 1906, the land readjustment was inforced upon most paddy fields in order to relieve the farmers.
Ancient paddy fields in this system were restored by reffering to the old land-register maps available, which were made in 1883.
It may be said that there were not many gridiron fields of the Jori origin in the lowlands in the coastal area.
Ancient paddy fields in this system were restored both on the left side of the Mano River and on the right side of the Maida River. They were located in the backmarshes.
In the Namie town, there are the grid-pattern rows along the roads, for this town has been built on the site of the ancient paddy field, with a grid-pattern land development.
In the lowland of the middle part of the coastal area, there are grid-pattern paddy fields in the left side of the Yamada River, and in the right side of the Tomioka River.
Coast line of the both areas has rapidly retreated, while the gridpattern paddy fields on the sea shore had disappeared at the east of the coast line.

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The scoria bed, named the Kawasaki scoria bed in this paper, has a wide distribution in Sendai and its environs. The distribution of the kawasaki scoria bed shows exactly that it is originated in Mt. Zao (Figure 4).
The kawasaki scoria bed overlies the deposits which contains the wood measured 31, 500+2, 610-1, 970yBP by radiocarbon method. And there is no evidence the Kawasaki scoria bed on the river terrace completed at least by 26, 240+1, 360-1, 160yBP The facts lead to presumption that the Kawasaki scoria bed was deposited between about 35, 000yBP and about 25, 000yBP.
At the area nearer Mt. Zao, the Kawasaki scoria bed is mainly composed of reddish brown scoria with a matrix of pumiceous ash and coarse volcanic ash, and is embeded in the bed of a black, compact coarse volcanic ash. At the area apart from Mt. Zao, such as Sendai, it is composed of pumiceous ash and coarse volcanic ash containing sparsely reddish brown scoria.
The Kawasaki scoria bed is to become a significant marker-tephra in the chronological study of the late Pleistocene in Sendai and its environs.

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