The purpose of this paper is to clarify the development and the cause of trapping black bears (Selenarctos thibetanus japonicas) in the late Edo period. Miomote in Niigata Prefecture was famous for the hunting settlement where bear hunting is economically and religiously important to village life. The hunting activity, the number of bears caught, and the spatial structure of the trapping areas were researched.
The present writer interviewed the old people of Miomote about the practice of bear-trapping in the early Showa period, and mapped the distribution of trapping areas of that period by his observation of stones remaining on rides which used for trapping.
The results can be summarized as follows.
1) There were two methods of bear-trapping. The Oshi technique used a bait, but the Oso or Hiraotoshi technique did not. The latter was used by mountain villagers in Tohoku and Hokuriku facing the Japan Sea. People had exclusive trapping rights in particular areas of nationally owned forests.
2) The trapping areas were distributed on the ridges along the valleys of the Miomote, Iwaimata, Saruta, and Doromata Rivers. Hunters guess the movement of bears in accordance with the circumstances of landfom and vegetation in each place, and trap. There are two main hunting activities, first setting the bear traps, and then going around to check their catch. Each family can catch one bear per year on the average. The hunting area for each family was determined by mutual tacit agreement in which one person wouldn't intrude into another's space.
3) The present writer examined the relationship between changes in the number of houses and in the trapping areas. Bear hunting was very successful in those days. A lot of bears were caught and they supported the Murakami-han in the form of bear galls (a kind of medicine) and sedge mats, and the Yonezawa-han officials ordered the villagers to produce the galls and skins under the policy of encouragement of side jobs.

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The production of petroleum products has been began in 1964 by Yukong and Kukdong Oil Refinery Co. Ltd. in Ulsan and Pusan respectively. And after 1964 Honam Oil, Kyungin Energy Co. and Ssangyong Oil Refinery Co. Ltd. had been built. So the productions of petroleum products have been increased by 41.5 times in 1984 than in 1964 (4, 843, 000 Bbl.). The petroleum industry in Korea has developed the only downstream and resulted in the oligopoly of five oil makers, and each maker sells oil with its own organization of distribution network.
The purpose of this paper is to clarify the interregional distribution and to analyse the spatial patterns of the petroleum products and the mechanisms of the distribution stages and the oil makers. The makers for this analysis are Yukong Co. Ltd., Konam Oil, Kyungin Energy, Ssangyong Oil and Kukdong Oil. Each maker's refinery is located in Ulsan, Yocheon, Incheon, Onsan, and Pusan. Data for this study are the volumes of consumption of the petroleum products which were conducted by the Korea Petroleum Development Corporation and the sale by the agencies of the Association of Distribution of Petroleum Products in 1985.
The results are as follows:
1. The physical distribution of petroleum products differs by each kind of petroleum products, that is, the heavy oil over three quarters is sold by the direct transportation from the refinery to the large consumers, but gasoline and kerosene are sold by the agency transportation. And the volumes of direct transportation and sale by the agencies of light oil consist of 30% and 70%. By the agencies gasoline is mainly sold to the gasoline stations, kerosene to the gasoline stations and the oil stores. 44.5% of the light oil are sold to the gasoline stations.
2. The numbers of the oil tank districts were thirty in 1984. Of these oil tank districts, fourteen oil tank districts are located on seaboard, and they sell large volumes of oil. Because the refineries are usually located on seaboard and the crude oil is imported from the foreign countries by the oil vessel. The characteristic features taking share of volumes in each oil tank district are as follows: the thirteen districts predominantly seem to take volumes from Ulsan, and their spatial distribution is nation-wide. And the eight districts from Ulsan and Yocheon distribute to the southwestern part. Important petroleum products dealing in each oil tank district are as follows: Pusan, Taegu, Incheon, Taejeon, Kwangju, Yocheon and Masan deal with the light and heavy oil; Suwon, Tonghae, Kunsan, Pohang, Ulsan and Onsan the heavy oil; Seoul the light oil and kerosene; and Wonju the light oil.
3. For the heavy oil, the direct sale regions by makers are as follows: in case of A heavy oil, sale regions by the Yukong are nation-wide, while four makers except the Yukong are local. In case of the B heavy oil, sale regions by five makers are local. The A and B heavy oil are dominantly sold in Seoul and Pusan, the reason of which is the concentration of iron and steel industry in Seoul and Pusan, and the demand of fishing boat and iron and steel industry in the S. Kyungsang. In case of the C heavy oil, sale region by four makers except the Kukdong is nationwide, and the thermal power stations are mostly located on the sale region of the C heavy oil.
4. Gasoline, kerosene, and light oil are sold by agency. Sale regions of the Yukong and the Honam are nation-wide, while the Kyungin, the Ssangyong, and the Kukdong except two makers are local. The spatial largeness or narrowness of sale of these petroleum products caused by sale volume of makers.
5. In sale regions by agency in N. and S. Chungchong, the spatial patterns of sales by the gasoline station are resulted from the physiographical factor, the transportation factor, and the distances between demand region and agency. And the difference of sale region by each kind of petroleum products is decided under according to the difference of the sale

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This paper aims to clarify the population structure and mechanisms of migration in depopulated rural areas of R. O. Korea. In Korea, migration from rural to urban areas occurred drastically, especially in the period of rapid economic growth since the second half of 1960s. Three hamlets which have depopulated at different rates, were chosen as a field research area (Fig. 1). The survey was made in a door to door visit from Oct. 1983 to Jan. 1984. The results are as follows;
1. population structure changes
a) Three regions have been depopulated by the migration to urban areas. Because many persons aged fifteen to thirty-five have emigrated continuously, the reproduction rate has decreased. Among the three regions, Samsan-Ri which has most depopulated, if the present trends continue, could be desolated soon (Fig. 2).
b) In order to analyze the aging phenomenon, Age Structure Index was calculated using the method of Coulson (1968). As a result, it is known that the aging phenomenon was deepened with the emigration of younger peoples. Especially, in the most depopulated hamlets like Samsan-Ri, this phenomenon is most serious (Fig. 3).
c) By emigration the number of family members and generations were reduced. This tendency is remarkable in the sharply depopulated areas like Samsan-Ri (Fig. 4).
2. migration mechanisms
a) Major pattern of migration trends to a partial-emigration rather than a whole family-emigration.
b) Most of the partial-emigrants move to urban areas, especially to the metropolis. And the pattern tends to be step-by-step migration. For example, the first step migratin to regional city or regional capital such as Cheongju-city with a population of about 300, 000 occur in this research area. After graduation of middle and high school there, the second step migration to Seoul or other larger metropolis follows it, to continue the university education and to get a job.
c) The age selectivity in migration was remarkable (Table 3). The sex selectivity varies with movement under male's military obligation and after marriage of females.
d) The emigrants in the urban areas have a close relationship with their family remaining in the rural areas, and chain migration brings family members to the city. Ordinarily, the organization of the hamlet community also moves to the urban area.
3. Land use change
Especially in the mountainous region like Samsan-Ri, the cultivated land has fallen into disuse at the margins of the hamlet. In these regions, paddy-field farming is more general than dry-field farming due to the aged population structure, and land has been rented out to remaining farmers, but because of the illegitimacy and diseconomy this system is not very helpful to the farmers, and deepens the relative stagnation.
In short, changes in depopulated rural areas are related complexly with the socio-economic factors. To make a good grasp of the changes in these regions, a more micro study must be continued.

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