TIn this research, we have grasped the relationship between latitude, longitude, and altitude about distribution pattern of "Sasa kurilensis-Fagus crenata alliance" (sasabeech forest) at 13 mountain regions of north-central Japan. Moreover, altitude of upper and lower boundary limit was estimated by multiple regression analysis from these data. As a result, it was found that sasa-beech forest grows at higher altitude region at each mountain region. Sasa-beech forest grows at high altitude place when mountain region is east or south. About the upper and lower boundary limit of the distribution, it turned out that both could be expressed two inclined planes. The crossing line of upper boundary inclined plane and surface of the earth is at Soya Strait, and the crossing line of lower boundary crosses central Hokkaido.

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This paper proposes an algorithm for identifying the correspondence between features in a simplified route map and those in its corresponding precise map. The implementation of this algorithm enables us to manage simplified route maps in GIS. The identification is proceeded by the following three steps. First, each landmark drawn on a simplified route map is identified with one of the features in a precise map. Second, appropriate counterparts of the nodes and links adjacent to the identified landmarks are detected around the correspond features. Finally, other elements are sequentially identified through the spatial reasoning process that accounts for geometrical similarity, topological consistency and so forth. In our experiment, about 70% of the sample maps are practically identified by the proposed algorithm.

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Necessary conditions for communication of geographic information and navigation using guide maps were investigated in two experiments. The result of the first experiment on the communication with guide maps shows that not only local landmarks but names of well-known nodes and places are necessary to identify the location indicated by the map. The second experiment on the navigation, in which subjects navigated through a simulated route on video and drew the map after learning the route from a guide map, reveals that the performance level is affected by map reader's spatial ability rather than the style of the map.

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This paper investigates the effects of relaxation of the nearest facility assumption, which is usually adopted in many location models, on optimal facility location. We formulate two new models based on p-median model: one is the model in which a user selects from the k nearest facilities, and the other is the model in which a user selects facilities so as to minimize its tour distance. We also build mixed models with the original p-median model. The optimal solutions show that facilities form clusters if the nearest facility assumption is significantly relaxed.

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This study aims to evaluate the quality of data used for GIS application through the disaster mitigation. First, we grasp the present situation of the standardization of GIS, especially the quality of data and the process of evaluating it. Next, we pick up three data, DM data of the municipality, a nation road data and a building data on the market. The accuracy of these data is tested, and numeral results about the quality of data are acquired. Finally, applying three data to some GIS applications at the same time and same condition, we find some matters caused by the difference of accuracy. And then we consider the influence of the error of data in using GIS applications for the disaster mitigation.

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This paper examined the spatial patterns of crime in a part of Tokyo. 68400 cases reported to the police were classified by 15 crime types, and then Moran's I, one of the indicators of the spatial autocorrelation was calculated using "CrimeStat" software. Moran's I for almost crime types including burglary, theft, snatching indicates significantly positive autocorrelation. To examine the effects of aggregation unit's size on Moran's I, data aggregated by both residential blocks and "chome" districts are used for calculation.The results from two types of spatial weight matrix are also discussed.

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This paper estimates the benefit of a plan for information providing system on road administration by WebGIS. The system will reduce travel costs of visitors from their business establishments to a road administration section of a city office. The authors had individual interviews with the visitors at the section of the Ichikawa City Office. Annual total sum of travel costs was estimated at 37 million yen at most. This paper also proposes formulas which expect the frequency of visits or the total sum of travel costs from the spatial distribution of the business establishments without questionnaires.

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This paper examines the validity of J.S. Adams' model on intra-urban migration in the context of the elderly migration in Ichikawa City. Each distance and direction between addresses of origin, destination and the nearest Central Business District (CBD) was measured by Geographic Information System (GIS). Questionnaires on migration were also sent out to the migrants. The finding is that distance bias, directional bias and sectoral bias exist in the migration significantly. However, long movement distances are influenced by the location of nursing homes or their children addresses rather than CBD. Short movement distances are influenced by reconstruction of rental housing. There are a small number of movements of their own will which have effects on these biases.

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In this paper, we propose a position estimation method fusing geographic information and multiple sensor information, and a navigation method so that a mobile robot moves from a start position to a goal autonomously. We define two types of sensing points for correcting the self-position of the robot. One is the sensing point (GPS surveying point) based on GPS (Global Positioning System). The other is the sensing point (landmark sensing point) based on the stereo vision. We assume that the optimal path and the sensing points are given. At the landmark sensing point, the robot takes geographic information and estimates self-position with higher accuracy than GPS surveying value by using a stereo vision and a compass. In navigation phase, the robot uses geographic information and moves along planned path by dead reckoning with avoiding obstacles. In order to demonstrate the validity of the proposed method, experiments have been performed.

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This study aims at improvement in the accuracy of floorage of business use buildings which was estimated by Tokyo Metropolitan Government GIS (TMG-GIS) building data. To this end, this article clarified the problems in applying the revision formula proposed by Ohba (2000) to floorage estimations using TMG-GIS, and suggested its alternative. As the control to floorage estimated by TMG-GIS, we used the digital map of fixed property tax (FPT) in M city of Tama area of Tokyo.
First, we clarified the following three problems in formulating floorage revision formula for TMG-GIS: 1) the consistency of business building usage between TMG-GIS and FPT; 2) the difference of structure classification between TMG-GIS and FPT; 3) the effect of the conversional coefficient of floorage in TMG-GIS. Second, we fomulated the revision formula by applying regression analysis to the buildings classified in business usage and structure for floorage by TMG-GIS. Last, we analyzed the effect of building usage mismatching to floorage revision formula.

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It is recognized that the spatial organization of urban systems can be abstracted as three main components: point, line and area. Even though this substance of urban systems coincides with the main purpose of GIS for spatial or geometric data types such as point, arc and polygon, little attention has been given to this aspect. The potential analytical capabilities of GIS for international urban systems are demonstrated using a case study of the international urban system of China and Japan. It was found that obtaining unified digital base maps is a basic and important requirement for database building. Introducing the concept of graph or the conjunction of graph and map can present us infinite possibilities to develop new methods.

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As a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) emerges as one of major vehicles to realize GIS, the concept of mobile GIS has recently come into existence. Developed as a navigation system, the mobile GIS could be more applicable to census operations. With the advantages of the mobile GIS, if the system would be adopted, it is highly expected for the creation of the optimal census-taking environment and management infrastructure. Moreover, the study on modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) would be given an impetus since it is easy to produce statistics on different combinations of small areas with this system. This paper aims to introduce a case study of a mobile GIS loading GPS that is developed and applied to an area in Gangnam gu, Seoul, Korea.

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A new approach to interpolating weekly average air temperature and precipitation at unsampled points from weather-station observations is discussed. Daily weather records of approximate 6400 stations available from World Meteorological Organization (WMO) over the period from 1977 to 1991 are used in applying the proposed method at the global scale. The methods improve upon commonly used procedures in that they incorporate spatially high-resolution digital elevation information, average environmental lapse rate, another higher-resolution longer-term monthly average temperature fields and daily average air temperatures/precipitation at weather stations. First, monthly weather data are interpolated by topographically or climatologically aided interpolation, and are served as benchmark. Then weekly average temperatures and precipitation are interpolated using weather-station observation data with traditional interpolation and are served as variation com-ponents. Finally, a weekly interpolation method based on both monthly climatic data and weekly-interpolated data is proposed. In addition, a quality control technique based on traditional interpola-tion method is introduced. Examinations show that the methodologies proposed in this paper are feasible and have a better interpolation accuracy.

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We analyzed characteristics of land use change especially LRRA (low-rise residential area) along national roads in Tokyo metropolitan area using "detailed digital information (10m grid land use)", high resolution and periodic land use data, and "JMC Map (ALL JAPAN)", general cartographic data including roads. We selected some zones called blocks in the area by two kind of buffering, one is from the Tokyo station and the other is from the national road center lines. We calculated land use area and its increasing rate on the blocks by overlaying the land use data, and represented them using 3D-graphs and other methods. We found following two rules on change of LRRA. (1) LRRA tends to increase, if influence of satellite cities can be ignored, and if the percentage of area of source land use area supplying LRRA (forest, farming land, and vacant land) is more than 10% in 1979. (2) The first rule is not applied, if the percentage of LRRA is over 30% for blocks within 100 m from the road center lines, and over 40% for farther blocks.

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