A probability density function of demand for automated external defibrillators (AED's), which is based on the distribution of demand points by kernel density estimation method, is estimated from the data on occurrences of cardiopulmonary arrests. The probability that someone can be saved by AED's is formulated using probability of survival to hospital discharge. "Supply effect" is expressed as demand density multiplied by this probability of saving, and the locations of AED's are optimized by maximizing supply effect in the entire region. The results show that optimal locations tend to cover the center of the city and that the supply effect is approximately proportional to the number of AED's.

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This study proposes a risk population estimation method based on the reported counts of patients of influenza in each area. A risk population estimation method is developed by regarding the sum of the weekly observations in a season following the binomial distribution, which enables estimations of population parameters and probability parameters through maximum likelihood method. The results show that the estimated infection probability is consistently correlated with population density, and the estimated population parameters in areas with high populations are obviously small in comparison with the proportion of population.

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In general, a three-dimensional GIS consists of two-dimensional space and height dimension or of two-dimensional space and time dimension. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to construct a three-dimensional geographic database which consists of two-dimensional space and spatial precision. The algorithm maintains correct topological structure. Using the three-dimensional geographic database, we can obtain a map of arbitrary scale. The algorithm makes it possible to integrate spatial data of various scales into a unitary spatial data.

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The purposes of this paper are: to propose the network nearest neighbor distance methods (N-NNDs) which analyze the distribution of points in relations to lines and polygons on a network; and to develop a GIS-based tool for performing these methods. First, the paper formulates the line N-NND method and the polygon N-NND method. Second, the paper develops computation tools for those methods. Third, the paper implements these computation methods as a GIS-based tool. Last, the paper tests applicability of the proposed methods to actual data analysis using the tool.

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There are many guidebooks of Kyoto published during the Edo period. The text and illustration of the guidebooks have attracted the interests of many researchers as a means of capturing historical lifestyles and landscapes. In this research, the author started with construction of a database of the guidebooks in Kyoto. Spatial information and various attributes were added to each record. The spatial distribution of sights and its changes over time were clarified. In particular the guide books that specialized in "nature" and "sight-seeing route" influenced the spatial distribution. Consequently, formation of well-known sights and the conditions for continuing fame were revealed. The above result demonstrates that analyses using GIS are valid also in historical spaces.

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The purpose of this study is to propose the network Voronoi diagrams (NVDs) generated by lines and polygons, and to develop a tool for spatial analysis with these NVDs. First, the paper defines two types of the NVD which are called line NVD and polygon NVD. Next, the paper outlines the functions of the tool and the algorithm used in this tool. Third, the paper shows examples of the applications of these NVDs. Last, the paper shows an example of analysis for street burglaries by using this tool.

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One of the essential problems of ordinary Analytic Hierarchy Process is found in difficulty in reflecting numerous points of views by decision makers. New application procedures were proposed to solve this problem. First, senses of values are quantified through comparison and weighting between a pair of evaluation criterion. All possible sets of weights of evaluation criterion, which have satisfied consistency index, are employed. Second, according to each set of weights of evaluation criterion, overall scores of all alternatives are calculated to obtain an overall score matrix. Third, two indices of the minimum and the mean overall score in each column (among all sets of weights, that is, possible senses of values) are used. The alternative indicating the maximum index are chosen as the most suitable. The application of this evaluation analysis to site suitability for ultimate disposal of industrial waste in Nara Prefecture demonstrated that the procedures proposed in this paper are practical and effective.

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The basic wind speed for a long-span bridge was examined using GIS-based typhoon simulation system. First, the recorded typhoons which generated strong wind at the proposed bridge site were extracted from the typhoon data by the Japan Meteorological Agency, and probabilistic models expressing the characteristics of the typhoons were created. Next, the surface wind speed and direction were calculated using the Meng's formula, and they were examined by comparing with wind observation records at the site. Based on these results, the probability distributions of the annual maximum wind speed for every 16-divided wind direction were computed by the Monte-Carlo method. Various analyses were efficiently performed making the best use of the functions of GIS.

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The purpose of this paper is to develop a land use planning support tool (LU-PST) in developing countries. LU-PST consists of an urban growth model and a land use zoning map support tool. The urban growth model is a Cellular Automata (CA) model, and population density by grid cell is calculated. The purpose of the land use zoning map support tool is to create zoning maps including residential, commercial, industrial and preservation zones. This tool used an AHP method in order to consider criterion for judgment of users. In order to develop the LU-PST, these two models were incorporated into ArcGIS (ESRI). It is possible for this tool to execute two tasks. One is for the land use zoning considered with urban growth trend. And the other is for the urban growth calculation based on a land use plan. The usefulness of LU-PST was discussed by analyzing the results of application to the Colombo Urban Area in Sri Lanka and considering comments about this tool from urban planners.

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Although an integrated GIS has been gradually introduced by relatively large local governments in Japan, users of the system are generally limited to members working for departments responsible for the management of map drawings, such as urban planning and road management departments. We highlight the other side of local governmental usage of integrated GIS in this study. An interview survey was conducted in order to clarify potential needs of the integrated GIS for departments without routine management of map drawings in Uji City, Kyoto Prefecture. The results show that most of the departments have high potential demands for sharing digital maps with precise address information and small area statistics, like census, in order to enhance the efficiency and quality of their works. However, lack of the knowledge about the GIS functions and small area statistics mainly prevent using integrated GIS in the departments.

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There is growing interest in developing Geographic Information Science (GlScience) curricula both in Japan and abroad. In this paper we examined GIScience education systems at 14 universities in North America for the 2005-2006 academic year. The GlScience education systems were more developed in North America than in Japan. Most of the 14 universities offer GlScience-related curricula, and several provide GlScience-related degrees or certificates. Seven universities offer GIS certificate programs, and five of those feature interdepartmental curricula, with classes from the geography and information science departments. The observations from this investigation are helpful in developing GIScience curricula in Japan.

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