Transaction of the Japan Society for Simulation Technology
Online ISSN : 1883-5058
Print ISSN : 1883-5031
ISSN-L : 1883-5058
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  • Akira Kageyama, Ryosuke Nakashima, Komei Nakato
    2026Volume 18Issue 1 Pages 1-10
    Published: 2026
    Released on J-STAGE: February 05, 2026
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

    An hourglass is known to become slightly heavier while the sand is falling. We quantitatively reproduced this minute weight change through numerical simulation. By treating the hourglass as a mechanical system of coupled variable-mass objects, we find that two effects contribute equally to the weight variation: the linear change in the thickness of the sand layers and the progressive shortening of the free-fall distance of the sand grains. Based on this analysis, we developed a discrete element simulation using the soft-sphere approach. In this model, sand grains fall at a constant rate and accumulate into multiple vertical piles. The simulation, implemented in Processing, can be run on a standard notebook PC.

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