This article is an abstract of the special paper read at the 14th annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Tropical Medicine held in Nagasaki, Japan, on November 27 and 28, 1972. The distributions of the drug-resistant malaria strains were introduced as refered to the WHO and other publications. Drugs stated in relation to this subject were chloroquine, pyrimethamine, proguanil, quinine, mepacrine, primaquine, and others. It was pointed out that the chloroquine-resistant falciparum strains have been distributing widely everywhere in the endemic areas except Africa and showing the cross-resistance to other antimalarials in common use. The effect of several sulfas to malaria was emphasized but the possible development of the resistant parasites to these sulfas was warned as the future problem to be noticed.

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The authors confirmed the high incidence of malayan filariasis among the villagers of southern coast of Che-ju Is., Korea. The epidemiological analysis revealed that the inhabitants living in Coast region of Wimi-l-Ri village were much more affected by the filarial infection than those in Inland region not only in mf rate and mf density, but even in the skin reactivities in children. This finding will be explained by the ecological behavior of vector mosquito, Aedes togoi, bred in the sea shore. The fall of filarial transmission due to the mass treatment of microfilaria carriers in 1970 resulted in the reduction of average wheal-size in skin-test of children 2 years later.

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Although 14 species of mosquitoes were collected in Che-ju Island, Korea in August and September, 1970-1972, dominant mosquitoes feeding on man around dwelling houses were Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes togoi. Natural infections with infective larvae of Brugia malayi were demonstrated only in Ae. togoi. It is considered from these facts that the main vector of malayan filariasis in Che-ju Island is Ae. togoi. Anopheles sinensis which is known as the vector of malayan filariasis in other areas does not seem to act an important role in the transmission in Che-ju Island, because the desnity is very low owing to the scarcity of suitable breeding places. The period for the larvae of Brugia malayi to mature in Ae. togoi was estimated to be between 6 and 9 days from the results obtained by dissecting the females of the mosquito reared in the laboratory for various days after the collection at houses with microfilarial carriers. This period is much shorter than in the case of Wuchereria bancrofti. The breeding of Ae. togoi was observed mainly in rock pools on the seacoast, and only very rarely in artificial water containers within villages. Generally, adult females of this mosquito were abundantly found at houses near to the seacoast, and the density decreased with the distance from the seacoast. Similar tendency was seen in the distribution of the patients of malayan filariasis.

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Since 1964, the Kobe University School of Medicine has continued yearly a medical survey in summer in Indonesia with an attempt to promote the mutual friendship between Japan and Indonesia through medicine.
Between July and September 1966, we have conducted a medical survey and serivec on 812 patients in the mountain district of Madjalengka area, western Java including Madjalengka, Argalingga, Kantjana Tjipulus, Nunuk and Tjibodas in Indonesia. Eosinophilia (more than 500/mm³ in the peripheral blood) was detected in 142 cases (52.2%) among 272 inspected cases.
No significant difference was found in the occurrence of eosinophilia between males and females, and between ages. In 26.1 % of the eosinophilia patients, malaria and/or frambesia were found in their past-history. Gastro-intestinal complaints were found in 57.7% of the eosinophilia patients, cardiovascular complaints in 16.2%, respiratory complaints in 20.4%, and skin complaints in 19%. In 12 patients, whose eosinophils in the peripheral blood were more than 2, 000/mm³, cardio-vascular and respiratory complaints were detected in 6 and 5 patients, respectively.
Although we have detected endemic goiter in this area as shown in the previous report, no significant relationship between eosinophilia and endemic goiter was found.
As for the cause of such eosinophilia, the life environment of people in the district appears to be most important, though a definite conclusion has not been reached until present.

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There are thirteen species of vipers distributing in Japan. Among them, adder (Mamushi in Japanese : Agkistrodon halys blomhoffii) is most common except Amami Island, Kagoshima Prefecture and Okinawa Prefecture.
Although the injection of anti-Mamushi serum to the Mamushi bite cases is very effective, we used to hesitate the use of the serum because of possible occur of the serum disease. Under the background mentioned above, we have successfully treated nine patients of Mamushi bite in a farm village of Kyoto Prefecture by washing the wounds with 5% tannic acid solution which was first demonstrated by Okonogi et al. in 1970.
This method is very easy and useful, and considered to be most appropriate in a case of the following conditions : (1) patient within 15 minutes after bite, (2) patient who has ever treated by anti-Mamushi serum, (3) patient who has allergic constitution, and (4) species of snake bited is doubtful whether it was Mamushi or not.

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