How was Monopoly formed in the British steel industry? It is widely known that from the second half of the 19th century the modern British steel industry developed by the two processes of production, the Bessemer steel and the open-hearth steel. In the open-hearth industry monopoly was formed as a cartel called "Anglo-Scotch Steel Combine", and in the Bessemer industry as the International Steel Rail Syndicate. Of the formation of monopoly in the open-hearth industry, I wrote a paper entitled "British Shipbuilding Industry and the Open-Hearth Steel Industry at the Turn of the 19th Century-Business Cycles and the Formation of Monopoly-"The Hitotsubashi Ronso, vol. 67, nos. 3, 6; vol. 68, no. 4 This paper is to make clear how monopoly was formed in the Bessemer Industry. For this purpose, I dealt here with the following two points: (1) to examine how "the concentration of production" was achieved in the cyclical fluctuations of the Bessemer industry, and (2) to examine the formation (1883-86), dissolution (86-95), and reconstruction (96-1914) of the International Steel Rail Syndicate. These two issues were very closely related with one another, for monopoly does not mean merely "the concentration of production", nor merely "the transformation of market-performance" of the firms, but it consisted of both of these two elements. Summing up, the purpose of this article is to make clear the follwing points: how proceeded the basis of formation of the International Syndicate, "the concentration of production" (ch. I, §1); why and how the Syndicate was formed throgh the crisis of 1882 (ch. I, §2); what is the significance and limit of the Syndicae (ch. I, §§3,4) ; that the Syndicate was dissolved owing to this limit (ch. II, §1) ; how the resumed competition changed the structure of production in the Bessmer industry through the period of the "prosperity" (1886-90) and the "crisis and depression" (90-95) (ch. II, §§2,3); how the monopoly price was set by the Rail-Cartel (1896-1903) (ch. III, §1); how developed the integration-movement of the Cartel-members (ch. III, §2); that the cartel developed itself into the International Rail Syndicate through the crisis of 1900 (ch III, §3); what is the significance of the revived International Syndicate (ch.tIII, §4). After all, we made clear in the first two chapters that "the formation of monopoly" in the Bessemer industry followed the special process, namely, the formation, dissolution and revival of the monopoly, and in the last chapter that "the formation of monopoly" proceeded from the national Rail-Cartel to the International Rail Syndicate and this process was promoted by the integration-movement of the Syndicate-members. If we succeed in the above-mentioned examination, the reality of Lenin's thesis, "the birth of monoplies on the basis of the concentration of production" will be verified in the British Steel Industry.

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Under the condition of the rapid economic growth in recent years, the agricultural structure of Japan has rapidly changed. In this paper, we intend to clarify the phases of the structural changes of agriculture in recent years at the southern paddy field area in Okayama prefecture; the District of High Productivity, where were expected the formation of the large scale farmers. The agricultural structure of this district were characteristic of its large scale farm size per farmer, of its notable machinery equipment, of its high level yield of paddy field rice plant per acre. Top strata of pesantry in this district have tended to red himself his peasantry farming. In the last ten years, under the condition of rapid economic growth, how were changed the structure of agriculture in this district? While full-time farmers were decreased and part-time farmers were rapidly increased, machinery equipments were more spread, farmers who extend their farm size were formed, and large scale machinery group were formed. According to these circumstances, we are apt to expect the formation of the farmers of large scale. After clarifying these changes, we intend to grasp the possibility of the enlargement of their farm size. For this purpose, we tried to research on the actual condition in this district, and We analyzed these findings in this papar. The conclusions in this paper are : 1) in spite of the fact that the top strata of peasantry extended their farm size, the development of them is not always prospective in this district, 2) the large scale machinary group is also scarcely prospective.

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