土地制度史学
Online ISSN : 2423-9070
Print ISSN : 0493-3567
19 巻, 3 号
選択された号の論文の6件中1~6を表示しています
  • 原稿種別: 表紙
    1977 年 19 巻 3 号 p. Cover2-
    発行日: 1977/04/20
    公開日: 2017/10/30
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 井上 巽
    原稿種別: 本文
    1977 年 19 巻 3 号 p. 1-21
    発行日: 1977/04/20
    公開日: 2017/10/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    This paper aims to analyze the process of the standards controversy of the United States in the 1890's and to investigate the significance of the Gold Standard Act of 1900. The main phases of the standards controversy in the 1890's evolved as follows : (1) The free silver movement was based on American silver mining interests and the indebted small farmers. This movement was accelerated by the money contraction and the agricultural depression at the end of the 1880's. Under these conditions, the Harrison administration supported limited silver purchase and the Sherman Silver Purchase Act was enacted in 1890. (2) Due to the Baring crisis of 1890 in London, British investors unloaded American securities. As a result of this recall of foreign capital, gold flowed out of the United States and the American economy was thrown into confusion. President Cleaveland attributed this crisis to the silver law of 1890 and this law was repealed in 1893. Furthermore, during the financial crisis of 1895, Cleaveland negotiated a gold bond issue with the Morgan-Rothschild syndicate for the defence of the Treasury gold reserve. By London borrowings, J. P. Morgan rescued the U. S. Treasury from suspension. (3) President Cleaveland, however, was bitterly denounced by the silver men, and J. P. Morgan was criticized as a symbol of "money power" and "plutocracy". The silver question thus became the most important issue at the presidential campaign of 1896. This election resulted in victory for McKinley, whose administration took a cautious attitude to the silver question, and no action was taken on currency reform for a few years. (4) Although American foreign investment was promoted at the end of the 1890's, the United States was still an importer of European capital, mainly from Great Britain. J. P. Morgan was a representative promoter of American capital imports in Wall Street. And the "Gold" Democrats, who were true to such interests of Wall Street, demanded and at last forced the McKinley administration to enact the Gold Standard Act in 1900.
  • 谷口 明丈
    原稿種別: 本文
    1977 年 19 巻 3 号 p. 22-48
    発行日: 1977/04/20
    公開日: 2017/10/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    In this paper, it is intended to repeal the process of the emergence of the Standard Oil Trust from 1870 to 1882 and to find out the source of its monopolistic power from a viewpoint of "concentration of production". This process can be divided into three stages in terms of the degree of "vertical combination", to which responded the extent of "horizontal combination" and the forms of combination (pool, trust, etc.). The first stage can be characterized by the vertical combination of railroads-refineries. Standard received rebates from railroad companies. It enabled Standard to merger most of Cleveland refineries, and then, in turn, the conquest of Cleveland, that is horizontal combination, enable Standard to receive more rebates easly. Moreover, in 1872 Standard organized a pool, the Petroleum Refiners' Association to control and stabilize the refining department. The second stage can be characterized by the vertical combination of gathering pipelines-railroads-refineries. Standard entered into the pipeline department to strengthen its bargaining power with railroads, to raise its position in the refining department and then to embark on merger (horizontal combination) of refineries all over the country. After all, Standard obtained the control of substantially all gathering pipeline, and then, by 1879, it controlled from 90 to 95 per cent of the refining department. In 1879 Standard organized a trust to hold acquired assets uniformly, which had been held by individual trustees. The third and final stage can be characterized by the vertical combination of gathering pipelines-trunk pipelines-refineries. The control of trunk pipelines, a revolutionary innovation of pipeline, extremely changed the quality of Standard's control over the petroleum industry. This made the competition not only within but also without the industry impossible, because it gave Standard an extremely high entry barrier. It meant the accomplishment of Standard's monopolistic domination over the petroleum industry. Moreover, this vertical combination made it necessary for Standard to control and administrate all assets rationally. For accomplishing this purpose, first of all, it was required to centralize the authority of management into the top management. To do this, the trust of 1879'was reorganized to the Standard Oil Trust in 1882.
  • 小池 重喜
    原稿種別: 本文
    1977 年 19 巻 3 号 p. 49-69
    発行日: 1977/04/20
    公開日: 2017/10/30
    ジャーナル フリー
    The modernistic maritime policy-system established as a link in the chain of the "Post Sino-Japanese War Management" in 1896 was reorganized in 1899. This "reorganization", two axes of which were revising the Navigation Encouragement Law restrictively and expanding the Institution to Promote Specific Regular Lines rapidly, introduced for the first time the rule that compelled shipping agents to order new ships from internal shipyards. The introduction of direct method like this to protect ship-building market was epoch-making in itself, because between internal and external (English) ship-building industries there was a general gap of competitive powers which couldn't be supplied sufficiently by the ship's import duty and the Ship-building Encouragement Law. But "reorganization" introduced the rule only partially and restrictively, as a link in the restrictive revision of the Navigation Encouragement Law. So, as a direct result of "reorganization" all the market didn't come to be protected directly by the rule and the number of new ships ordered under direct controle of the rule--we name this type of ordering new ships from internal shipyards "type compelled by policy" and the other "type not compelled by policy"--couldn't increase remarkably, too. "Type not compelled by policy" formed epoch-makingly under the 1896-system, composed in itself of "type supplied by capital relation" and "type opened", existed and extended after "reorganization". And developments in management and technique advanced in shipping, ship-building industries correspondingly with it. "Type compelled by policy" was formed really and started to develop by basing itself on these processes, more directly, by removing and changing from "type supplied by capital relation". And before the Russo-Japanese War, it couldn't develop, enough to overcome the latter and coexisted with reciprocal action. On the other hand, "type opened" developped uniquely by basing itself on it's own specific, restrained conditions. Thus, before the Russo-Japanese War, ship-building market was in a complicated and transitional step, neverthless shipping agents came to order most new ships from internal shipyards.
  • 守屋 典郎
    原稿種別: 本文
    1977 年 19 巻 3 号 p. 70-75
    発行日: 1977/04/20
    公開日: 2017/10/30
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 原稿種別: 付録等
    1977 年 19 巻 3 号 p. 76-78
    発行日: 1977/04/20
    公開日: 2017/10/30
    ジャーナル フリー
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