Since V.I. Lenin' "Imperialism"(1917), many considerations has been made on the capital export of European Powers and its relation to the acquisition of colonies. But, there still remains two important problems. One is the features of British, French and German capital export, and the other is why and how these capital export led to the rule of borrowing countries. In this article, I have tried, relying upon H. Feis' "Europe: the World's Bankei 1870-1914", to present some hypothesis on these problems. The conclusion is as follows. (1) The features of the capital export of European Powers had to be analysed in relation to the structure of national economy, especially sources of surplus capital and the method of capital export by various banks. (2) Each Powers had its own policy about capital export, that is, regulating foreign listings, adjusting it with national interest, favoring their own colony, securing concessions, and protecting investments. (3) These policies, especially securing concessions and protecting investments had led to the rule of borrowing countries, by taking the charge of railway construction and other public works, of financial revenues mortgaged. Thus, finally, capital lending led to the confiscation of public works, public finance, lands and the central bank. This was the colonization of borrowing countries. (4) The features of British, French and German Capital Export had to be clarified from above viewpoints.

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The purpose of this article is to analyze features in the process of production and selling of silkworm-eggs in the case of Chiisagata district in Nagano Prefecture during 1890s-1910s. Chiisagata district was the largest center of silkworm-egg production at that time, and the peak of the production was in 1900s. But, the absolute amount and the proportion of the production occupied in the whole country decreased after 1900s. Their main outlets, which had been distributed in Kanto and Chubu district, became gradually limited in Nagano Prefecture. As for the process of the production, cocoon production for egg production developed in putting-out system extensively. All of large-scale producers were putters-out, and there was no big farm where the whole process from mulberry cultivation to silkworm-egg production was carried on. In World War I, when sericulture rapidly developed, the class differentiation of producers proceeded more rapidly with the development of some large-scale producers. This was caused mainly by the advanced technique for F_1 hybrid production. The competition with new dealers in other prefectures and the policy of silkworm races in each prefecture were other factors of the decline of silkworm-egg production in this district. Silkworm-egg peddlers, however, sold through personal connection with sericultural peasants in their outlets, and the buying and selling the right of egg-selling continued between peddlers as a commercial usage for a long time. As a case study, we present the management by M. Kaneko who was a middle-scale producer. He changed his outlets by selling the right of egg-selling in Gunma Prefecture and buying that in Nagano Prefecture in 1890s, and then his management developed. But, since he could not produce F_1 hybrid, he became a mere peddler of silkworm-eggs in 1920s, and finally closed his business of silkworm-eggs in 1930. He was one of typical producers and peddlers in Chiisagata district. As a perspective on the whole country, we suggest that it was difficult for the producers, who managed the whole process of the egg-production including silkworm-rearing, to develop their managements largely because the risk of bad harvest increased with enlargement of their scale, and many producers enlarged their scales by buying cocoons for egg production in the form of putting-out system.

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Japanese Capitalism completed the industrial revolution by innovating the means of production mainly in the weaving of cotton and silk and the spinning of cotton. The textile industry adopted power looms to replace the cottage industry system based on the traditional low-productivity looms. The collapse of the cottage industry system which had provided rural districts with important labour demand affected the peasant economy severely. The aim of this paper is, first, to clarify which type of farms supplied the cottage industry system with wage-weavers in order to analyze the relation between the urban capitalistic labour market and the rural work force. Secondly, an attempt is made to discern the effect of the collapse of the cottage industry system on the emigration of rural labourers. Thirdly, a survey is made of the influence of the cottage industry system on agricultural production from the view point of labour demand and wage income. After investigating the case of Nara Prefecture,-where the textile industry developed in the rural districts by means of the cottage industry system and was one of the main textile-producing regions in Japan in the middle of Meiji Era, the following conclusions were reached: (1) The cottage industry system was necessary to the continued existence of landed farms and semi-landed farms with seasonally redundant labour forces. (2) The peasants could purchase a large input of manure using the income from weaving wages. (3) The landlord-tenant system was more apparent in this rural region which had a well-developed cottage industry, than it was in other regions. (4) The rural textile industry produced a huge labour demand. The number of agricultural workers per farm increased a little in this region until the end of Meiji Era. This forms a striking contrast to other regions where the number decreased sharply.

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