This paper deals with the activities of Egyptian mortgage banks from 1880 to 1914. All the mortgage banks were established by foreign investors and were provided funds by them. The research on these mortgage banks is a clue to such a more extensive theme as asks what influence foreign capital exerted on the evolution of Egyptian landlordism in this period. In order to answer the two following problems some important aspects in the activities of these mortgage banks are to be analyzed. First, it will be sought what types of mortgage banks there existed in this sector of business. In this point arguments are especially directed to the question that which sort of mortgage banks had lent money mainly to big landlords, owners of estates or plantations, and similarly which one mainly to small landlords, village notables. Secondly, it is another problem what were the fundamental characteristics of these mortgage banks which were all foreign-originated. To approach these two problems, in this paper, after reviewing the whole sector of mortgage banks in Egyptian economy at that time, examinations are focused on finding the features in the operations of two big mortgage banks, that is, the Credit Foncier Egyptien and the Agricultural Bank of Egypt, both of which seem to have been respectively played pivotal roles in the sector of mortgage banking. The former was a French-owned firm and the largest mortgage bank in Egypt, the latter being set up by British investors officially to lend the peasantry. As a result of the examinations, available evidence seems to support the following conclusions. First, it has been turned out that on one hand the Credit Foncier Egyptien had supplied mortgage credit exclusively to big landlords over the period discussed, on the other hand at the beginning of the twentieth century the Agricultural Bank of Egypt had been lending the bulk of its fund to small landlords. Afterward other new mortgage banks had been established one after another with the object of lending mainly to small landlords. Furthermore, it appears that the fundamental characteristics of several major mortgage banks consisted in the stability and the great profitability in their business as well as the close relation between their banking policies and their home countries' policies toward Egypt.

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In west central Germany before the First World War coal consuming smaller businesses such as textile and machinery industries aligned and formed Bund der Industriellen. The main object of the Bund was to criticize Rheinisch-Westfalisches Kohlensyndikat, a cartel of big businesses, and to arrange for an anti-monopoly movement against it. In Reichstag, the Germany Imperial Parliament, the parties such as Zentrum, Nationalliberale Partei and Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands repulsed cartels, and eventually most members of this parliament claimed the regulation over the Kohlensyndikat. Comparatively little attention was to date given to this affair. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the idea of the anti-monopoly movement and the controversy over cartels arose in Reichstag. Why the Cartel Regulation Act of 1923 was enacted will also be rightly understood through this procedure. Conclusions of the analysis mentioned above are as follows: First, the smaller businesses denounced the Kohlensyndikat fiercely, while they believes in their prosperity through cartelization. One of the most distinctive features in anti-monopoly movements in Germany consisted in this double-dealing attitude to monopoly as compared with those in England and the United States. Second, the anti-monopoly movement of the Bund succeeded in weaking the political influence of the monopolistic capitals in heavy industries from Ruhr in the 1900s. Later in early Weimar Era the purpose of regulating cartels by legislation bore fruit. Particularly G. Stresemann, who had played an important role as a representative from Sachsen industries in the anti-monopoly movement in the 1900s, initiated this legislation. Thus it is obvious that the anti-monopoly idea in Germany cannot be fully understood without considering the smaller businesses.

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the structural features of the landlord management system from the 1920's until the postwar land reform. The object of investigation is the Nezu family, the second biggest landlord in Yamanashi prefecture in the prewar period. The aim is to analyze the changes in the landlord system that took place in the above period, in particular decline and later dissolution of the landlord system. (1) 1921〜31: In this period the tenancy system began to deteriorate. The turning point for this process came as a result of the panic of 1920. The Nezu family started selling their land and invested money in securities. As a result, profits from securities in 1924 surpassed that from tenants' rent. (2) 1932〜37: In this period both the tenancy system and investment in securities were negatively affected by the Showa Depression. The Nezu family, however, avoided a crisis by mean of increased investments in securities market. (3) 1938〜45: In this period, as a result of wartime controls, tenancy incomes decreased significantly, and the Nezu family started selling their land rapidly. But as a result of an increase in income tax, the profitability of securities investments decreased, and the financial standing of the Nezu family deteriorated. (4) 1946〜48: In this period the Nezu family was forced to sell almost all of its securities all at once as the result of the heavy burdens imposed by the new property tax. Their dividend income thus disappeared. The land reform was also introduced in this period and resulted in the termination of the Nezu family's role as a landlord.

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