IEICE Transactions on Communications
Online ISSN : 1745-1345
Print ISSN : 0916-8516
Volume E98.B, Issue 5
Displaying 1-23 of 23 articles from this issue
Special Section on Recent Progress in Radio Propagation
  • Jiro HIROKAWA
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 754
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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  • Katsuyuki HANEDA
    Article type: INVITED PAPER
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 755-772
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    Millimeter-wave (mm-wave) radio is attracting attention as one of the key enabling physical layer technologies for the fifth-generation (5G) mobile access and backhaul. This paper aims at clarifying possible roles of mm-wave radio in the 5G development and performing a comprehensive literature survey on mm-wave radio channel modeling essential for the feasibility study. Emphasis in the literature survey is laid on grasping the typical behavior of mm-wave channels, identifying missing features in the presently available channel models for the design and evaluation of the mm-wave radio links within the 5G context, and exemplifying different channel modeling activities through analyses performed in the authors' group. As a key technological element of the mm-wave radios, reduced complexity beamforming is also addressed. Design criteria of the beamforming are developed based on the spatial multipath characteristics of measured indoor mm-wave channels.
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  • Ngochao TRAN, Tetsuro IMAI, Yukihiko OKUMURA
    Article type: PAPER
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 773-782
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    In this paper, we propose a simple model for estimating the effects of human body shadowing (HBS) in high frequency bands. The model includes two factors: the shadowing width (SW), which is the width of the area with shadowing loss values greater than 0dB, and the median shadowing loss value (MSLV), which is obtained by taking the median of the shadowing loss values within the SW. These factors are determined by formulas using parameters, i.e. frequency, distance between the base station (BS) and human body, distance between the terminal and human body, BS antenna height, and direction of the human body. To obtain the formulas, a method for calculating the effects of HBS based on the uniform theory of diffraction (UTD) and a human body model comprising lossy dielectric flat plates is proposed and verified. Then, the general forms of the formulas are predicted using the theory of knife-edge diffraction (KE). A series of computer simulations using the proposed calculation method with random changes in parameters is conducted to verify the general formulas and derive coefficients for these formulas through regression formulas.
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  • Motoharu SASAKI, Wataru YAMADA, Takatoshi SUGIYAMA, Tetsuro IMAI
    Article type: PAPER
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 783-789
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    In this paper, we report our analysis of path loss variation characteristics in the low millimeter wave band based on measurement results obtained by using 26.365GHz. We analyze the fading scale of the measurement results by applying a wavelet analysis method. It is clarified that a fading of unique scale between the scale of fast fading and shadowing can be seen in the low millimeter band. Finally, it is shown that the variation characteristics can be evaluated by taking reflection paths at building walls into account, in addition to the ground waves and LOS paths.
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  • Koji AKITA, Takayoshi ITO, Hideo KASAMI
    Article type: PAPER
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 790-797
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    Measurements of 60GHz proximity channels are performed in desktop environments with a digital camera, a laptop PC, a tablet, a smartphone, and a DVD player. The results are characterized by a statistical channel model. All measured channels are found to be similar to conventional exponential decay profiles that have a relatively large first path due to line-of-sight components. We also show that the power difference between the first path and the delay paths is related to randomization of radio wave polarization by internal reflections in the devices, whereas this is conventionally dependent on only a Rice factor. To express this effect, the conventional model is modified by adding one parameter. Computer simulations confirm that RMS delay spreads of the modeled channels are a good fit to measured channels under most conditions.
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  • Koshiro KITAO, Tetsuro IMAI, Kentaro SAITO, Yukihiko OKUMURA
    Article type: PAPER
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 798-805
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    This paper describes characteristics of direct and scattered waves that are extracted from measurement channel data obtained using a 3.35GHz vector channel sounder in an indoor environment. For the scattered waves, a ray number, n, is assigned to each ray in order of the received levels and the relationship between n and the characteristics of each ray such as the received level, delay and azimuth angle of arrival (AOA) are investigated. The distribution of the received level for each n, which is normalized to the received level that is calculated based on free space at each measurement point and includes the received level of all measurement points, is a log normal distribution. Moreover, the median received level of each n of the scattered waves is approximated with two different gradient linear lines as a function of n. Furthermore, the azimuth AOA for the ray of scattered waves whose received level is relatively high is biased in the base station antenna direction and the distribution of the azimuth AOA becomes uniform with a decrease in the received ray level. Finally, a spatio-temporal channel model is proposed based on the above mentioned analysis.
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  • Makoto TANAKA, Hisato IWAI, Hideichi SASAOKA
    Article type: PAPER
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 806-813
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    In recent years, various applications based on propagation characteristics have been developed. They generally utilize the locality of the fading characteristics of multipath environments. On the other hand, if a received signal at a remote location can be estimated beyond the correlation distance of the multipath fading environment, a wide variety of new applications can be possible. In this paper, we attempt to estimate a received signal at a remote location using the MUSIC method and the least squares method. Based on the plane wave assumption for each arriving wave, multipath environment is analyzed through estimation of the directions of arrival by the MUISC method and the complex amplitudes of the received signals by the least squares method, respectively. We present evaluation results on the estimation performance of the method by computer simulations.
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  • Phavanhna PHOMMASACK, Yoshio KARASAWA
    Article type: PAPER
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 814-823
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    The present paper proposes a method for simultaneously estimating the direction of arrival (DOA) and delay of multipath signals through the virtual array reception of broadband signals. In order to confirm the principles behind the proposed method, a broadband signal of 42MHz, equivalent to seven adjacent TV channels being transmitted from the Tokyo Skytree, was acquired and stored in a personal computer as the reception signal, which acts as reference signal. In addition, a multipath signal with DOA and delay was generated using a personal computer. Signal processing revealed that DOA and delay could be identified correctly. Finally, a multipath propagation analysis is conducted for an actual outdoor propagation environment as a demonstration of the proposed method.
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Regular Section
  • Xiaoqiang ZHANG, Xuesong WANG, Yuhu CHENG
    Article type: PAPER
    Subject area: Fundamental Theories for Communications
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 824-833
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    To ensure the security of image transmission, this paper presents a new image encryption algorithm based on a genetic algorithm (GA) and a piecewise linear chaotic map (PWLCM), which adopts the classical diffusion-substitution architecture. The GA is used to identify and output the optimal encrypted image that has the highest entropy value, the lowest correlation coefficient among adjacent pixels and the strongest ability to resist differential attack. The PWLCM is used to scramble pixel positions and change pixel values. Experiments and analyses show that the new algorithm possesses a large key space and resists brute-force, statistical and differential attacks. Meanwhile, the comparative analysis also indicates the superiority of our proposed algorithm over a similar, recently published, algorithm.
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  • Won-Yong SHIN, Jangho YOON
    Article type: PAPER
    Subject area: Fundamental Theories for Communications
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 834-841
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    In this paper, we introduce a promising iterative interference alignment (IA) strategy for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) multi-cell downlink networks, which utilizes the channel reciprocity between uplink/downlink channels. We intelligently combine iterative beamforming and downlink IA issues to design an iterative multiuser MIMO IA algorithm. The proposed scheme uses two cascaded beamforming matrices to construct a precoder at each base station (BS), which not only efficiently reduce the effect of inter-cell interference from other-cell BSs, referred to as leakage of interference, but also perfectly eliminate intra-cell interference among spatial streams in the same cell. The transmit and receive beamforming matrices are iteratively updated until convergence. Numerical results indicate that our IA scheme exhibits higher sum-rates than those of the conventional iterative IA schemes. Note that our iterative IA scheme operates with local channel state information, no time/frequency expansion, and even relatively a small number of mobile stations (MSs), unlike opportunistic IA which requires a great number of MSs.
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  • Masatoshi UNO, Akio KUKITA
    Article type: PAPER
    Subject area: Energy in Electronics Communications
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 842-853
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    Cell voltage equalizers are necessary to ensure years of operation and maximize the chargeable/dischargeable energy of series-connected supercapacitors (SCs). A two-switch voltage equalizer using a series-resonant voltage multiplier operating in frequency-multiplied discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is proposed for series-connected SCs in this paper. The frequency-multiplied mode virtually increases the operation frequency and hence mitigates the negative impact of the impedance mismatch of capacitors on equalization performance, allowing multi-layer ceramic capacitors (MLCCs) to be used instead of bulky and costly tantalum capacitors, the conventional approach when using voltage multipliers in equalizers. Furthermore, the DCM operation inherently provides the constant current characteristic, realizing the excessive current protection that is desirable for SCs, which experience 0V and equivalently become an equivalent short-circuit load. Experimental equalization tests were performed for eight SCs connected in series under two frequency conditions to verify the improved equalization performance at the increased virtual operation frequencies. The standard deviation of cell voltages under the higher-frequency condition was lower than that under the lower-frequency condition, demonstrating superior equalization performance at higher frequencies.
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  • Yuki MATSUMURA, Katsuhiro TEMMA, Ren SUGAI, Tatsunori OBARA, Tetsuya Y ...
    Article type: PAPER
    Subject area: Network Management/Operation
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 854-860
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    Recently, we proposed an interference-aware channel segregation based dynamic channel assignment (IACS-DCA). In IACS-DCA, each base station (BS) measures the instantaneous co-channel interference (CCI) power on each available channel, computes the moving average CCI power using past CCI measurement results, and selects the channel having the lowest moving average CCI power. In this way, the CCI-minimized channel reuse pattern can be formed. In this paper, we introduce the autocorrelation function of channel reuse pattern, the fairness of channel reuse, and the minimum co-channel BS distance to quantitatively examine the channel reuse pattern formed by the IACS-DCA. It is shown that the IACS-DCA can form a CCI-minimized channel reuse pattern in a distributed manner and that it improves the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) compared to the other channel assignment schemes.
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  • Takuma ITO, Naoki HONMA, Keisuke TERASAKI, Kentaro NISHIMORI, Yoshitak ...
    Article type: PAPER
    Subject area: Antennas and Propagation
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 861-869
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    Controlling interference from the secondary system (SS) to the receiver of the primary system (PS) is an important issue when the SS uses the same frequency band as the television broadcast system. The reason includes that the SS is unaware of the interference imposed on the primary receiver (PS-Rx), which does not have a transmitter. In this paper, we propose an interference control method between PS-Rx and SS, where a load modulation scheme is introduced to the PS-Rx. In this method, the signal from the PS transmitting station is scattered by switching its load impedance. The SS observes the scattered channel and calculates the interference suppression weights for transmitting, and controls interference by transmit beamforming. A simulation shows that the Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) with interference control is improved by up to 41.5dB compared to that without interference control at short distances; the results confirm that the proposed method is effective in controlling interference between PS-Rx and SS. Furthermore, we evaluate the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and channel capacity at SS.
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  • Pham Ngoc SON, Hyung Yun KONG
    Article type: PAPER
    Subject area: Wireless Communication Technologies
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 870-877
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    Multi-hop cooperative communication has been investigated in order to overcome disadvantages such as fading, obstruction and low power. In addition, with the goal of increasing access capacity, the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation is being advanced as a solution. In this paper, we propose the approach of relay ordering in a Decode-and-Forward OFDM scheme. Combining techniques such as maximal ratio combining and selection combining are employed at receivers and approximate outage capacity probabilities are derived for evaluating system performance over frequency selective Rayleigh fading channels. Final, the expressions are validated by Monte-Carlo simulations, and are used to compare with the same scheme based relay selection.
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  • Akihito TAYA, Satoshi DENNO, Koji YAMAMOTO, Masahiro MORIKURA, Daisuke ...
    Article type: PAPER
    Subject area: Wireless Communication Technologies
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 878-889
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    This paper proposes a novel iterative multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) receiver for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, named as an “iterative MIMO receiver employing virtual channels with a Turbo decoder.” The proposed MIMO receiver comprises a MIMO detector with virtual channel detection and a Turbo decoder, between which signals are exchanged iteratively. This paper proposes a semi hard input soft output (SHISO) iterative decoding for the iterative MIMO receiver that achieves better performance than a soft input soft output (SISO) iterative decoding. Moreover, this paper proposes a new criterion for the MIMO detector to select the most likely virtual channel. The performance of the proposed receiver is verified in a 6×2 MIMO-OFDM system by computer simulation. The proposed receiver achieves better performance than the SISO MAP iterative receiver by 1.5dB at the bit error rate (BER) of 10-4, by optimizing the number of the Turbo iteration per the SHISO iteration. Moreover, the proposed detection criterion enables the proposed receiver to achieve a gain of 3.0dB at the BER of 10-5, compared with the SISO MAP iterative receiver with the Turbo decoder.
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  • Seokhyun YOON
    Article type: PAPER
    Subject area: Wireless Communication Technologies
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 890-896
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    In this paper, we investigate iterative detection and decoding, a.k.a. turbo detection, for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) transmission. Specifically, we consider using a low complexity soft-in/soft-out MIMO detector based on belief propagation over a pair-wise graph that accepts a priori information feedback from a channel decoder. Simulation results confirm that considerable performance improvement can be obtained with only a few detection-and-decoding iterations if convolutional channel coding is used. A brief estimate is given of the overall complexity of turbo detectors, to verify the key argument that the performance of a maximum a posteriori (MAP) detector (without turbo iteration) can be achieved, at much lower computation cost, by using the low complexity soft-in/soft-out MIMO detector under consideration.
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  • Jaeseon HWANG, Hyuk LIM
    Article type: PAPER
    Subject area: Wireless Communication Technologies
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 897-907
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    In wireless networks, interference from adjacent nodes that are concurrently transmitting can cause packet reception failures and thus a significant throughput degradation. The interference can be simply avoided by assigning different orthogonal channels to each interfering node. However, if the number of orthogonal channels is smaller than that of interfering nodes, some adjacent nodes have to share the same channel and may interfere with each other. This interference can be mitigated by reducing the transmit power of the interfering nodes. In this paper, we propose to jointly coordinate the transmit power and the multi-channel allocation to maximize the network throughput performance by fully exploiting multi-channel availability. This coordination enables each node to use high transmission power as long as different orthogonal channels can be assigned to its adjacent nodes. Then, we propose a simple multi-channel media access control (MAC) protocol that allows the nodes on different channels to perform efficient data exchanges without interference in multi-channel networks. We show that the proposed scheme improves the network throughput performance in comparison with other existing schemes.
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  • Jihoon CHOI, Young-Ho JUNG
    Article type: PAPER
    Subject area: Wireless Communication Technologies
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 908-916
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    An on-channel repeater (OCR) performing simultaneous reception and transmission at the same frequency is beneficial to improve spectral efficiency and coverage. In an OCR, it is important to cancel the feedback interference caused by imperfect isolation between the transmit and receive antennas, and least mean square (LMS) based adaptive filters are commonly used for this purpose. In this paper, we analyze the performance of the LMS based adaptive feedback canceller in terms of its transient behavior and the steady-state mean square error (MSE). Through a theoretical analysis, we derive iterative equations to compute transient MSEs and provide a procedure to simply evaluate steady-state MSEs for the adaptive feedback canceller. Simulation results performed to verify the theoretical MSEs show good agreement between the proposed theoretical analysis and the empirical results.
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  • Ryo NISHIOKA, Takayuki NISHIO, Masahiro MORIKURA, Koji YAMAMOTO
    Article type: PAPER
    Subject area: Wireless Communication Technologies
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 917-926
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    The IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN (WLAN) is based on carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol. CSMA/CA uses a backoff mechanism to avoid collisions among stations (STAs). One disadvantage of backoff mechanisms is that STAs must wait for some period of time before transmission, which degrades spectral efficiency. Moreover, a backoff algorithm cannot completely avoid collisions. We have proposed a novel medium access control (MAC) scheme called the visual recognition-based medium access control (VRMAC) scheme, which uses an LED-camera communication technique. STAs send media-access request messages by blinking their LEDs in VRMAC scheme. An access point (AP) receives the messages via its camera, and then allocates transmission opportunities to the STAs by transmitting control frames. Since the transmission rate of the LED-camera communication is lower than WLAN transmission, the delay of access requesting causes and it could decrease the system throughput of the VRMAC system based WLAN. We reveal the effect of the delay for TCP flows and propose enhanced access procedures to eliminate the effect of the delay. Our simulation results demonstrate that VRMAC scheme increases the system throughput in UDP and TCP traffic. Moreover, the scenario-based evaluations reveal that VRMAC scheme also decreases the session delay which is a metric of quality of experience (QoE) for TCP applications.
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  • Lei WANG, Xinrong GUAN, Yueming CAI, Weiwei YANG, Wendong YANG
    Article type: PAPER
    Subject area: Wireless Communication Technologies
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 927-939
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    This work investigates the physical layer security for three cooperative automatic-repeat-request (CARQ) protocols, including the decode-and-forward (DF) CARQ, opportunistic DF (ODF) CARQ, and the distributed space-time code (DSTC) CARQ. Assuming that there is no instantaneous channel state information (CSI) of legitimate users' channel and eavesdropper's channel at the transmitter, the connection outage performance and secrecy outage performance are derived to evaluate the reliability and security of each CARQ protocol. Then, we redefine the concept of the secrecy throughput to evaluate the overall efficiency of the system in terms of maintaining both reliable and secure transmission. Furthermore, through an asymptotic analysis in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime, the direct relationship between reliability and security is established via the reliability-security tradeoff (RST). Numerical results verify the analysis and show the efficiency of the CARQ protocols in terms of the improvement on the secrecy throughput. More interestingly, increasing the transmit SNR and the maximum number of transmissions of the ARQ protocols may not achieve a security performance gain. In addition, the RST results underline the importance of determining how to balance the reliability vs. security, and show the superiority of ODF CARQ in terms of RST.
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  • Jing WANG, Satoshi NAGATA, Lan CHEN, Huiling JIANG
    Article type: PAPER
    Subject area: Wireless Communication Technologies
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 940-948
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    Coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission and reception is a promising technique for interference mitigation in cellular systems. The scheduling algorithm for CoMP has a significant impact on the network processing complexity and performance. Performing exhaustive search permits centralized scheduling and thus the optimal global solution; however, it incurs a high level of computational complexity and may be impractical or lead to high cost as well as network instability. In order to provide a more realistic scheduling method while balancing performance and complexity, we propose a low complexity centralized scheduling scheme that adaptively selects users for single-cell transmission or different CoMP scheme transmission to maximize the system weighted sum capacity. We evaluate the computational complexity and system-level simulation performance in this paper. Compared to the optimal scheduling method with exhaustive search, the proposed scheme has a much lower complexity level and achieves near optimal performance.
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  • Lilian del Consuelo HERNANDEZ RUIZ GAYTAN, Zhenni PAN, Jiang LIU, Shig ...
    Article type: PAPER
    Subject area: Satellite Communications
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 949-961
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    Satellite clusters have been satisfactorily implemented in a number of applications, such as positioning and sensor networks, with the purpose of improving communication system capabilities. However, because the use of clusters requires good management of the resources, those solutions imply new challenges for communication systems. This paper focuses on improving the data management between network elements by considering a network formed by satellite clusters. Satellite clusters work in cooperation to provide real-time and non-real-time services in different footprint areas. This study proposes the adjustable energy consumption access scheme (AECS) as one possible solution response to particular necessities of communication and at the same time, as a way of decreasing the system energy consumption. Energy consumption is a key issue that concerns green network operations and it is directly linked to the cooperation and coordination between network elements. On the other hand, we support the implementation of Optical Inter-Satellite Links (OISL) for communication between cluster elements. The analysis involves the study of energy consumption, transmission delay, specific link margins, bit error rate (BER) and QoS.
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  • Xin GUAN, Lihua ZHONG, Donghui HU, Chibiao DING
    Article type: PAPER
    Subject area: Sensing
    2015 Volume E98.B Issue 5 Pages 962-973
    Published: May 01, 2015
    Released on J-STAGE: May 01, 2015
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    Weak target detection is a key problem in passive bistatic radar (PBR). Track-before-detect (TBD) is an effective solution which has drawn much attention recently. However, TBD has not been fully developed in PBR. In this paper, the transition function and the selection of parameters in dynamic programming are analyzed in PBR. Then a novel processing scheme of dynamic programming based TBD is proposed to reduce the computation complexity without severely decreasing the detection performance. Discussions including complexity, detection performance, threshold determination, selection of parameters and detection of multitarget, are presented in detail. The new method can provide fast implementation with only a slight performance penalty. In addition, good multitarget detection performance can be achieved by using this method. Simulations are carried out to present the performance of the proposed processing scheme.
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