This study aims to categorize 287 convenience stores found in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area by actual sales results based on POS data. In addition, the study will ascertain the impact of the difference between the actual sales results during weekdays and those during weekends on the store types and examine the geographical factors behind that difference. To obtain the data on the actual sales results used in this study, 51of the merchandise categories handled by the 287 stores surveyed, or 90% of the accumulated share, were selected. Five of these categories (packed lunches, prepared food, bread, magazines/books and licensed goods) were removed, bringing the total to 46 categories. The analysis was carried out in the following order. Step (1): A numerical matrix was prepared by multiplying the 287 stores by the 46 categories. The resultant matrix was used to conduct a factor analysis, on the basis of which a number of leading factors were selected. Step (2): A cluster analysis was conducted using the leading factors, on the basis of which the 287 stores were broken down into a number of store types. Step (3): the geographical distribution of the store types obtained was determined, on the basis of which market-area characteristics were organized. The foregoing analysis was conducted separately for weekdays and weekends (including holidays) to ascertain the transformation in the store types on weekdays and those on weekends as well to examine the reasons for the transformation. Firstly, the analysis yielded the following five factors as determinants of the marketing characteristics of the 287 convenience stores. 1)　Articles purchased mainly in places where customers go visit 2)　Articles consumed mainly at home. 3)　Articles that are otherwise purchased in supermarkets 4)　Between-meal snacks and midnight snacks 5)　Articles that are likely to be purchased sporadically Next, the 287 stores were categorized into the following seven types by using the foregoing five factors. 1)　The type with many competing stores 2)　The type that sells mainly confectionary goods and beverages 3)　The office district type 4)　The type that complements supermarkets 5)　The type that substitutes supermarkets 6)　The roadside type 7)　The type that is located near a school or train station Based on their geographical distributions, the seven store types can be divided into the five types that are found on the inner side of National Route 16 and the two that are found on the outer side of Route 16. The former can be divided into those distributed closer to the center of Tokyo (Types 1 and 3) and those found in the outskirts (Types 2, 6 and 7). On the other hand, the two store types, many of which are located on the outer side of Route 16, can be divided into Type 4, the customers of which spill over to many competing stores, and Type 5, the customers of which spill over to fewer competing stores. A comparison of the store types for weekdays and that for weekends shows that, while the stores included in the two types may differ, the store types themselves share similar characteristics that go beyond differences in terms of days of the week. Thus it was possible to interpret the store types by days of the week in the same way as the aforementioned store types. Many of the stores that change their types between weekdays and weekends were located in two types of areas. First, they were either in an area where the number of customers decreases (or increases) on weekdays or in an area where their customers’ attributes differ. Second, they were in an area with a large number of commuter households whose purchasing behavior differs significantly between weekdays and weekends.

In this paper, we used multi-temporal satellite images to highlight the land development for creating suburban new towns near Osaka metropolitan area in the recent decades. The study area called Keihanna which is hilly in topography and was once covered by forests, is located within the triangle cornered by Osaka, Kyoto and Nara. The images we used are of LANDSAT data acquired on April 14, 1978 (MSS), May 31, 1989 (TM) and August 25, 2000

(ETM+). The topographical background of the study area is shown in Figure 1, which shows geomorphologic (DEM) model draped by true color image of LANDSAT of 1989. The change in the land cover between 1978 and 2000 is highlighted in Figure 4, which is composed by overlaying images of the three years. The visible red band images of 1978, 1989 and 2000 are assigned to blue, green and red channels to create the composite color picture. Since forests look dark in the images of visible red band while bare lands under construction look bright, we can suppose that the changes in tone on the image reflect land cover changes. Therefore, we can guess that areas highlighted in green are newly developed sites in 1989 while areas highlighted in red are newly developed sites in 2000.

In this case, large scale developments are performed by destroying forests covering hilly areas to create new residential growth. Therefore, the change in the land cover (Figure 5) is similar to the pattern of population growth

(Figure 6) in the Keihanna district. The main residential areas are located to the north of Nara city and Ikoma city.

We presented spatio-temporal visualization of the land cover change which occurred in the periphery of the Osaka metropolitan area. It might be interesting to examine the relationships between occurrence of large scale developments and quantitative geomorphologic indices such as relief energy or gradient. Because of the defects of the DEM used, we cannot implement that examination. We can conclude that multi-temporal satellite images provide us with useful insights into the physical aspects of changes caused by metropolitan urbanization.

This paper attempts to clarify the relationship between some salient features of street skylines and the parameters of the use types of buildings along the Ome Kaido, one of major streets which lead from the center to the western suburbs of the Tokyo Metropolitan Area.

Street skylines along the Ome Kaido are characterized as follows:

1. As we approach the center of Tokyo, the street skylines become higher. This feature is related to land prices. As we move closer to the center, the higher are land prices.

2. With increasing distance from the center, on the other hand, skylines become lower, not at a constant rate but irregularly in a stepwise manner. Such trends of skylines have been brought by the

administrative restriction of the rate of building volume given to each lot.

3. Street skylines on the south side are higher than the ones on the north side. This is also related to height limitations of buildings, which cause substantial difference in skylines between the north and

the south sides of the street.

4. The difference in height restriction between the north and the south sides of the street affects the use of buildings on each side. On the north side, the primary use is for businesses. On the south side,

however, the main use is for living. In the same way, as we approach the center of Tokyo, the rate of business use becomes higher.

The difference in skylines along the Ome Kaido is thus closely related to the fact that businesses can afford rents than other uses.

The urban scenery consists of various visual elements and the most prominent element is positioned as the symbol of the city and plays the most important role as one of the elements to develop regional characteristics. Most of these symbols are recognized as landmarks and often embraced as elements of the urban amenity regardless of their level of awareness level as eye-catchers.

Backgrounds artificially (or deliberately) creating regional symbols are based on some direct motive or intention or indirect recognition of the subject as a symbol. Many regional symbols create new colors and shapes and directly or indirectly add new visual elements to the region. Most of them support our spatial performances and activities and make the landmarks allowing positional awareness. Thus, a regional symbol or landmark positioned as a center axis of human spatial awareness or activities is recognized as an element developing regional or urban amenities.

In addition, a landmark positioned as a favorable amenity is accepted by many people and often diffused to various areas. The “Flower clock” introduced on this chapter shows a representative case.

This study focusses on the development of Kozoji New-town constructed on the hills in the east part of Kasugai City, Aichi Prefecture, and analyzes the landform transformation performed in the process of development. This study is intended to reveal the modification of geographical features by comparing the 50m mesh data about the height range of the grounds in 1959 and them in 2002 as shown by “City planning maps”. As the result of our analysis shows, most of the area in Kozoji New-town might have been constructed by filling up the lands with soil. Especially, although the roadways had been constructed in the places where valleys were to make the best use of original geographical features, the possibility is high that the roadways had been actually made by landfilling. It is a cause of worries in case of resident's emergency evacuation implemented in case of disasters such as earthqukes because the majority of resident does not know about the process of land development that weakens the grounds.

Pithampur Industrial Project is one of large scale industrial growth center located in Madya Pradesh state

in central India. Pithampur housing colony was developed near this industrial area by the M.P. state Housing Board.

The M.P. state Housing Board supplied almost two thousand houses in this colony. In 1996 and 2007, we performed household surveys in this housing colony, and we researched housing conditions of the residents. The aim of this study is to clarify the change of lifestyle in the housing colony.

In 1996, there were many younger middle class families consisiting of factory workers or employees of tertiary industries. In 2007, most of the house owners had stayed and extended their house, however tenant families had moved out. This means that house ownership sendentarized Indian families and their traditional lifestylechanged. As for the standard of living of residents in the housing colony, ownership of home electric appliances had increased in 2007. Especially, many house owner’s families had electronic refrigerators and color TVsets, whichwere very few in 1996. We can understand that the disparity between house owners and tenants enlarged had in the housing colony.