Judging from the fact, that the transitions of thiamine concentration in blood and of thiamine excretion into urine after the loading of thiamine are greatly influenced by the previous administration of Finalin (diethylaminoethyl diphenylglycolate methobromide), it is deduced that thiamine metabolism is closely related to the autonomic nerve system. A series of experiments was made to study this relation. Parasympathetic nerve blocking agents (e.g.Finalin) facilitate the preservation of thiamine in liver, and restrain its urinary excretion. In case that parasympathetic nerve stimulating agent (acetylcholine) or sympathetic nerve blocking agent (Pentamethonium) is administered to mice in advance, and that the liver is incubated in vitro with thiamine, destruction of thiamine is seen. On the contrary, in case that parasympathetic nerve blocking agents (Atropine or Finalin) are administered in advance and that the liver is incubated in vitro with thiamine, no destruction of thiamine, but the increase of total thiamine is observed.

抄録全体を表示

The orotic acid administration exerted a stimulating effect on wound healing in the protein depleted rats, even when multiaminoacids had been subcutanously injected to the rats. By the administration of orotic acid, the mortality of the animals was remarkably lowered and patho-histological reepithelization was accelerated.

抄録全体を表示

Pantothenate synthesis from pantothenate and β-alanine by the washed cell suspension of Escherichia coli was investigated. From these precursors resting cells of E.coli 0-20 wild strain synthesized a large amount of pantothenate under a vigorous aeration in the presence of glucose. No significant amount of pantothenate, however, was synthesized by the two mutant strains, responding only to the preformed vitamin.

抄録全体を表示

Since orotic acid and its related compounds were expected to be the precursors of the uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid formation, the effects of these compounds on glucuronide conjugation in rats were investigated. After parenteral administration of orotic acid, uridine or uridine monophosphate, with or without propylene glycol as an aglycone for the conjugation, the urinary excretion of total and conjugated glucuronic acid in 24 hours was determined according to Fishman's method. These compounds showed no effect on the endogenous glucuronide formation. One point five per cent of administered propylene glycol was excreted through the conjugation, which showed no increase by the administration of orotic acid and the related compounds.

抄録全体を表示

The glucuronide conjugation was investigated in thiamine deficient and liver injured rats following the previous paper. The thiamine deficiency and the acute CCl_4 poisoning had no appreciable effect on the glucuronide conjugation. Orotic acid and α-lipoic acid, expected to be hepatic drugs, showed no effect on the conjugation capacity of liver injured rats.

抄録全体を表示

The enzymatic activity concerning the thiamine synthesis in bakers' yeast extract was demonstrated by incubating the extract with 2-methyl-4-amino-5-hydroxymethylpyrimidine (OMP), 4-methyl-5β-hydroxyethylthiazole (Th), ATP and Mg^<2+>. The activity was lost by heating the extract at 55℃ for 2 minutes. On the contrary, the activity of thiamine synthesis detected by incubating the extract with OMP-pyrophosphate and Th-phosphate in the absence of ATP or with OMP-pyrophosphate, Th, ATP and Mg^<2+> remained unchanged under such a condition. These findings suggest the removal of OMP-kinase by heating. The existence of the enzymatic activity concerning thiamine synthesis in the extract and in the suspension of the mitochondria obtained from a rat liver was investigated according to the preparation method of the enzyme system from bakers' yeast. No activity was found in any step of the synthesis of the vitamin. Furthermore the administration of both OMP-pyrophosphate and Th-phosphate failed to show any effects on thiamine-deficient albino rats.

抄録全体を表示

In order to clarify whether thiamine applied topically in an ointment was absorbed from the skin or not, the thiamine absorption picture on the skin of rats and mice was observed histochemically with Araki and Chen's method. From histochemical findings, it was proved that the thiamine was remarkably absorbed from the skin when it was disolved in plastibase hydrophilic and chiefly absorbed from the sebaceous glandula and the epithelium of sulcus cutis.

抄録全体を表示

In a study on the change of finger-nails in Shibi-Gatchaki, it was found that the intensity of the fluorescence on nails had a personal variation and showed a remarkable decrease in malnutrition as well as in pellagra or ariboflavinosis. It was found that the intensity of the fluorescence on nails depended on the cystine content of nails and also on the levels of thiamine, riboflavin and methionine in blood.

抄録全体を表示

In 12 cases of periodic extremity paralysis, increases of pyruvic and lactic acid contents and a decrease of thiamine content of blood were observed even in the non-paralytic stage. In the paralytic stage, the increase of the pyruvic acids was remarkable and associated with decrease of serum potassium and urinary sodium and potassium. Thiamine and cocarboxylase were effective for prevention and treatment of the paralysis. Administration of 100mg of cocarboxylase prior to the paralytic occurrence was dramatically effective. The results suggest that a metabolic disorder of carbohydrate is a cause of the paralysis and the disorder may be related with abnormal metabolisms of thiamine and minerals.

抄録全体を表示

When the vitamin D in liver oils containing much vitamin A is determined using Superfiltrol chromatography, a substance produced by the decomposition of vitamin A appears in the vitamin D fraction and it interferes with the determination of vitamin D. More non-vitamin D substance is present in the fraction prior to the vitamin D fraction. Experiments with the non-vitamin D substance obtained by passing a sufficient amount of the nonsaponifiable matter of vitamin A palmitate and of vitamin A acetate showed that the absorbances of the colored solutions by SbCl_3 reaction at 500 and 550mμ were preactically the same 120 seconds after adding the regent and that the colored solution of vitamin D by SbCl_3 reaction had the absorption maximum at 500mμ and the absorbance is 0 at 550mμ. Hence, the difference E_<500>-E_<550> after 120 seconds corresponds to E_<500> due to vitamin D, without any interference by non-vitamin D substance. Less than 4,000μg of vitamin A is without effect on the determination of vitamin D in one Superfiltrol chromatography. The use of ethylene dichloride containing acetyl chloride for the solvent of antimony trichloride in place of chloroform makes the reagent more stable and the reaction more intense. It is hardly influenced by the change in temperature. The condition appropriate to the determination was reported. Several liver oils obtained by molecular distillation, which are considered to produce much non-vitamin D interfering substance were used for assaying vitamin D. The values obtained by the above method were definitely lower than those calculated from E_<265>, assuming the absorbance entirely due to vitamin D. The experiment with the vitamin A fraction obtained by Superfiltrol chromatography showed that the value of E_<50>-E_<550> was negative. The absorption spectrum of the vitamin A fraction was different from that of vitamin A, showing the decomposition of the vitamin. The low recovery of the vitamin D added to the solution containing much vitamin A, therefore, is ascribed to the contamination of the vitamin A decomposition product.

抄録全体を表示

In mice fed on a vitamin B_6 deficient diet, even in the cases which had no remarkable symptoms of the deficiency, the activity of brain glutamic acid decarboxylase was markedly low. In rats, however, the amounts of glutamic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid and aspartic acid in the brain were not affected by vitamin B_6 deficiency. Addition of chlorpromazine to a cell-free preparation of the brain homogenate caused an increase of the enzymatic activity. The amount of brain glutamic acid decreased by an administration of chlorpromazine, while the substance exerted no effect on the amounts of γ-aminobutyric acid and aspartic acid. In vitamin B_6 deficiency, the hypnotic effect of chlorpromazine was lowered markedly in both mice and rats. These results were discussed in the point of view of central depression due to decarboxylation of glutamic acid in the brain.

抄録全体を表示

In order to prove the occurrence of β-hyrdoxyglutamic acid decarboxylase in brain, volumes of CO_2 released from β-hydroxyglutamic acid in the presence of a brain homogenate and pyriodoxal phosphate were measured, and γ-amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid was detected in the reaction mixture. The optimum pH, distribution and stability of the enzyme were investigated and compared with those of brain glutamic acid decarboxylase.

抄録全体を表示

Glutamic acid decarboxylase and γ-aminobutyric acid occur only in the brain among animal tissues, and their relation to psychotropic effects are to be considered. Effects on avoidance responses and behaviour of rats and monkeys were investigated, with glutamic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, γ-amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid, β-hydroxyglutamic acid, δ-aminovaleric acid and INAH. As a result, inhibition was brought by decarboxylation and activity was increased by β-hydroxylation. γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid and β- hydroxyglutamic acid which were antagonistic had more remarkable activity than glutamic acid, while δ-aminovaleric acid had no effect upon them. Different effects based upon species and conditons used in the experiment were discussed.

抄録全体を表示

Thiamine β-hydroxyethyl disulfide (TOED), a new homologue of allithiamine, was studied on several biological activities comparing with thiamine hydrochloride. TOED showed equivalent activity as thiamine hydrochloride in the rice bird preventive test as well as in the rat curative growth assay. TOED, when administered intraveneously to rabbits, caused a marked elevation of blood thiamine level, especially in the blood cells, and sustained this high level for longer time. When it was given orally to man, a large quantity of thiamine excreted in urine, and the value of the ratio of oral LD 50% to intraperitoneal LD 50% in mice of TOED was smaller than that of thiamine hydrochloride. From above facts the former seemed to be absorbed through gastrointestines more easily than the latter. Local irritability of TOED was negligible.

抄録全体を表示

It is well known that thiamine, when taken with food or as medicine, is first phosphorylated in vivo and then takes part in the metabolism. In order to find out what organs relate to thiamine phosphorylation, we observed the free and conjugated thiamine contents in the blood and tissues after administration of thiamine to hepatoectomied rabbits and frogs. When thiamine was injected to rabbits, of which the blood streams toward the liver and intestines were occluded, the thiamine in blood remained in free form for several hours. Compared with intact animals, a very small quantity of conjugated thiamine was observed in the blood, kidnies and muscles of hepatoectomied frogs and rabbits with Eck's fistula. When thiamine was injected to hepatoectomied rabbits, the greater part of it remained in free form without being phosphorylated for a long time. The blood conjugated thiamine level in vena hepatica was higher than in vena portae in intact animals, and administration of thiamine in aorta abdominalis immediately elevated the blood conjugated thiamine level in vena portae. In this case, too, the conjugated thiamine level in vena hepatica was much higher than in vena portae. These results suggest that the phosphorylation of thiamine takes place chiefly in the liver, though intestinal tissues also play a little role.

抄録全体を表示

The authors prepared a diet for producing thiamine-, riboflavin and vitamin B_6-deficiency in albino rat. The preparations are composed of a vitamin-free basal diet and vitamin mixtures, both in tablet form. It was confirmed that the preparation was useful for the vitamin studies.

抄録全体を表示

Thiamine metabolism in 53 cases of thyrotoxicosis was studied before and after operation. Blood thiamine level of the patients was low before operation notwithstanding the urinary thiamine excretion was normal or rather high. It recovered to normal range after operation. Thiamine tolerance test by 10 mg of thiamine intramuscular administration showed a significant elevation of blood thiamine level in the esterified form. A significant correlation between blood thiamine level and basal metabolic rate or protein-bound iodine was observed. Thyrotoxic myopathy was found in about 80 percent of 214 cases of thyrotoxicosis. A subcutaneous injection of 10 mg of thiamine did not improve their myopathy or beriberi-like state. These results show that in thyrotoxicosis the thiamine deficiency or disturbance of phosphorylation of thiamine does not always follow.

抄録全体を表示

122 infants in a farm village (prevalent district of rickets) in Niigata Prefecture were examined by means of the X-ray, and at the same time the alkaline phosphatase and citric acid in the blood serum of them were determined. In the first experiment, two third of the infants diagnosed as rickets by means of the X-ray having a high level above 15 mM unit of phosphatase, and the other one third indicated no relation of the X-ray result with the phosp hatase level. In the second examination, the relationship between the two was re-examined after feeding vitamin A or D for six months since birth. The results obtained ascertained the above data. All infants had normal level of citric acid.

抄録全体を表示

When a large quantity of Aureomycin was administered to rats, the thiamine content and pyruvate oxidase of liver decreased in the early stage. The ratio of free to esterified thiamine was unchanged. FAD content and xanthine oxidase decreased from day to day. The pyruvate oxidase recovered to normal by the addition of cocarboxylase to the liver homogenate, but the addition of FAD and Mo^<++> did not cause the recovery of xanthine oxidase.

抄録全体を表示

On administration of Aureomycin in a small quantity to rats, the thiamine content in liver changed in parallel with the pyruvate oxidase, showing higher values compared with those of the control animals. Riboflavin, FAD and xanthine oxidase increased in the early stage and then decreased in parallel. The proportion of FAD was unchanged even when Aureomycin was administered for a long time. In vitro, addition of Aureomycin in liver homogenate had no influence on the pyruvate- and xanthine oxidases.

抄録全体を表示

In rats administered with a large quantity of Achromycin, the thiamine content and the pyruvate oxidase of liver decreased in the early stage and, after a transitory recovery, they fell again. The contents of riboflavin and FAD and xanthine oxidase decreased and the latter two changed parallel with each other. The effect of a large quantity of Achromycin on the liver vitamins and the concerning enzymatic activities were smiller to those of Aureomycin.

抄録全体を表示

On administration of a small quantity of Achromycin, the changes of thiamine, riboflavin, pyruvate- and xanthine oxidases in liver were similar to those of an administration of a small quantity of Aureomycin, but the effects of the former were more moderate than those of the latter.

抄録全体を表示

The concentration of vitamin B_6 and pyridoxic acid in the rat urine began to increase immediately after a sound stimulation of 3000 cps, 115 phon for 8 hours per day, had been given and reached their maximum values in about a week, and then decreased below the normal values, reaching their minimum points in about 2 weeks, followed by returning to their normal concentrations. The most typical change was observed in the case of pyridoxic acid. Similar changes were observed in the vitamin B_6 and pyridoxic acid contents of liver, kidney, brain and blood. However, in the latter case, such a tendency was most remarkable in the change of pyridoxal.

抄録全体を表示

Studies were made on the vitamin B_6 contents in various organs of rat caused by subcutaneous injection of pyridoxine hydrochloride. In sound stimulated animals, the vitamin B_6 contents of each organ reached the maximum in 15 minutes after an injection, while in the control animals, it was needed 30 minutes to reach the maximum. The contents, themselves, were higher in the stimulated animals than in the control ones. The most remarkable result was observed in the case of pyridoxal, namely the increase caused by an injection was kept even 60 minutes after. The tendency was more remarkable in the 2 weeks stimulated animals than in the one week stimulation. Urinary vitamin B_6 excretion was also higher in the stimulated rats when 5 μg of pyridoxine hydrochloride was injected per g- of body weight. However, the stimulation did not affect on the ratio of three types of vitamin B_6.

抄録全体を表示

The auditory area lacking rats were given a sound stimulation for 3,7 and 14 days and then vitamin B_6 and pyridoxic acid in various organs were determined. The result showed that in auditory area lacking state, the sound stimulation did not any significant effect on the content of the vitamins, even after the stimulation had been given for 14 days.

抄録全体を表示