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Volume 32 (1987)
- Issue 4 Pages 239-
- Issue 3 Pages 157-
- Issue 2 Pages 73-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
- Issue Suppl Pages 1-
Volume 32, Issue 1
Displaying 1-9 of 9 articles from this issue
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Kaneo OBATA1987 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 1-6
Published: May 26, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
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Yasuo HANIOKA1987 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 7-12
Published: May 26, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
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Shooichi HONZAWA, Shooichi MATSUNAKA1987 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 13-17
Published: May 26, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSUsing submerged leaf disks prepared from pea plants, the effects of glyphosate on the biosynthetic pathway of pigments, shikimic acid pathway, glycolysis and TCA cycle were surveyed.
Incorporation of 14C-glucose into each fraction of chlorophylls, carotenes and xanthophylls was inhibited by the glyphosate treatment (Table 1).
Incorporation of 14C-glucose into aromatic amino acids was inhibited by the glyphosate treatment. In the treatment with a glyphosate concentration lower than 1mM, a higher radio-activity of shikimic acid was observed and glyphosate seemed to inhibit 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP synthase). When the concentration of glyphosate was higher than 10mM, the incorporation of 14C-glucose into shikimic acid was very low, presumably due to the herbicide-inhibition effect of 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase (DAHP synthase) on the production of shikimic acid (Table 2).
Incorporation of 14C-glucose into the metabolites in the glycolysis and TCA cycle was not inhibited by the glyphosate treatment (Table 3).
It was assumed that glyphosate mainly inhibited EPSP synthase and partially DAHP synthase and the pathways from acetyl CoA to carotenoids and also from TCA cycle to δ-aminolevulinic acid, respectively, and that these inhibitions acted synergically with the herbicidal action persisting for a relatively long period of time after the application.View full abstractDownload PDF (560K) -
Shooichi HONZAWA, Kyoichi MATSUBA, Shooichi MATSUNAKA1987 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 18-24
Published: May 26, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSBiochemical changes of glyphosate-adapted carrot cells in tissue culture were characterized and the inhibition sites of glyphosate were surveyed.
Concentrations of glyphosate associated with fifty percent growth inhibition were 2mM and 0.2mM in the adapted and non-adapted cells, respectively. Although an abnormal accumulation of shikimic acid was observed in both adapted and non-adapted cells, the amount in the latter was higher than in the former (Fig. 1 and Table 1).
By the addition of three kinds of aromatic amino acids, phosphoenolpyruvate and δ-aminolevulinic acid at the same time in the adapted and nonadapted cells, the growth was reversed and also the abnormal accumulation of shikimic acid was reduced (Figs. 2, 3).
Activities of the enzymes 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSP synthase) and 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase (DAHP synthase) were 10.7-fold and 3.6-fold higher, respectively, in the adapted cells compared with the non-adapted ones. Both EPSP synthase and DAHP synthase in the adapted and non-adapted cells were sensitive to glyphosate. It is thus suggested that the glyphosate-adapted cells, because tolerant to glyphosate due to the increase of the activities of EPSP synthase and DAHP synthase, but not due to a decrease in the susceptibility to glyphosate (Table 2, Fig. 4 and Fig. 5).View full abstractDownload PDF (748K) -
1. Effect of Weed Infestation on the Population Density and Spatial Distribution of Orchardgrass in Newly Established SwardsMamoru NASHIKI, Tatsuro NOMOTO, Ryohei MEGURO1987 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 25-29
Published: May 26, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPopulation density and spatial distribution of orchardgrass in three newly established swards (orchardgrass sward with Rumex obtusifolius infestation, Digitaria ciliaris infestation and pure orchardgrass sward, free of weeds as control) were examined. Spatial distribution of orchardgrass was analyzed by means of Morishita's Iδ-index in the swards.
Invasion of R. obtusifolius or D. ciliaris into the sward decreased both the yield and population density of orchardgrass (Table 1, 3), and due to weed infestation the spatial distribution of orchardgrass was contagious. On the other hand, in the weed-free sward, the spatial distribution was random (Fig. 1).
From these results, it is suggested that the decrease in the density and the concentration in the distribution of the herbage population in newly established swards associated with weed infestation further promote the infestation of weeds, resulting in the decrease of the productivity of the swards which deteriorate earlier than under weed-free conditions.View full abstractDownload PDF (608K) -
5. Effects of Nitrogen Levels on the Growth and Chemical Composition of the WeedKiyoki KOBAYASHI, Saburo MURAYAMA, Shin-ichi KOSAKA1987 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 30-37
Published: May 26, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to obtain basic information for the control of Rumex obtusifolius L., an aggressive weed in grasslands, the effects of nitrogen levels (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8g/a/2, 000 Wagner pot) on the growth and chemical composition of this weed were determined.
Three types of plants differing in age, i. e. plants sown in spring, autumn of the preceding year and adult type, were used for this experiment.
The results obtained are as follows:
1. Plant length showed the lowest values at a N level of 0g in all the types. Among the other N levels, the spring sown type showed similar length, while in the autumn sown type plant length showed the highest values at a N level of 4g, and in the adult type plant length was slightly reduced at a N level of 8g.
2. The number of leaves varied remarkably among the nitrogen levels. For all the types, the lowest number of leaves was observed at a N level of 0g, followed by N 1g. A remarkable reduction was noted at a N level of 0g in the spring and autumn sown types. The number was greatest at a N level of 4g in all the types.
3. The top fresh weight increased with increasing nitrogen levels up to 8g N in the spring sown and adult types, and with increasing nitrogen levels up to 4g N in the autumn sown type. The root fresh weight showed the highest values at a N level of 2g in the autumn sown type, while in the spring sown and adult types the weight was slightly lower at a N level of 0g, with few differences among the other nitrogen levels.
4. The top dry weight increased with increasing nitrogen levels up to 4g N in the all types. The trend in root dry weight was almost similar to that of the fresh weight.
5. The contents of N, P, K, Ca and Mg varied among the nitrogen levels, but no clear difference was observed among the types.
6. Chemical composition in roots of the autumn sown type appeared to be more affected by the nitrogen levels than in the other types and other organs.
These results suggest that the effect of nitrogen levels on the growth and chemical composition of this weed is significant and varies with the plant age.View full abstractDownload PDF (912K) -
Hirofumi YAMAGUCHI, Satsuki HIRAI1987 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 38-45
Published: May 26, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSPlants showing intermediate features between Sisyrinchium rosulatum BICKN. and a pale-purple flowered race (L-race) occur on the university campus of the authors. Based on morphological and cytological studies it was confirmed that these plants are natural hybrids between S. rosulatum and L-race. S. rosulatum, L-race and their hybrids had 32 chromosomes in mitotic cells, but their hybrids were sterile and showed a multipolar division in PMC and a low pollen fertility. L-race may be a related but separate taxon of S. rosulatum. Genetic investigation of flower color indicated that the white is dominant over the purple by a single Mendelian factor in S. rosulatum. Flower color variation in S. rosulatum may have resulted from the polymorphic occurrence of flower color controlled by major gene (s) and natural hybridization with the related species.View full abstractDownload PDF (3622K) -
Katsuichiro KOBAYASHI, Katsunori ICHINOSE1987 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 46-53
Published: May 26, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe absorption, translocation and metabolism of naproanilide [2-(2-naphthoxy) propionanilide] were investigated in relation to its effects on tuberization and RNA synthesis in C. serotinus.
Absorption of 14C-naproanilide by the underground parts increased linearly with time, and the chemical translocated to the shoot (Table 3). 14C-Radioactivity was evenly distributed throughout the shoot (Fig. 1). Among the organs, the amount of 14C-radioactivity was found to be the highest in rhizome during and after treatment. 14C-Radioactivity in the metabolic products, 1-(2-naphthoxy) propionic acid (M-1), methyl 2-(2-naphthoxy) propionate (M-2) and their conjugates, increased with time in all organs of the weed with a compensating decrease in naproanilide after treatment (Fig. 2). The rates of M-1 and M-2 in the metabolites tended to be especially higher in rhizome than in other organs at any given time (Fig. 2).
M-1 and M-2 as well as naproanilide inhibited tuber initiation and stimulated RNA synthesis in rhizome more remarkably than in other organs (Tables 1 and 2).
There was a good correlation between the highest concentrations of M-1 and M-2 in the rhizome and the most remarkable stimulation of RNA synthesis in the rhizome of the C. serotinus plant by naproanilide application, whereas the concentration of naproanilide was not correlated with its stimulation of the RNA synthesis. It was concluded that the inhibition of tuber initiation of C. serotinus by naproanilide application was actually induced by M-1 and M-2, both of which were the metabolic products of naproanilide, probably through their action on the RNA synthetic process related to the development of rhizome into tuber.View full abstractDownload PDF (2750K) -
Hisao KOBAYASHI, Toru TOMINAGA, Soichi NAKAYAMA, Tadashi SUMIYOSHI, Hi ...1987 Volume 32 Issue 1 Pages 54-62
Published: May 26, 1987
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (1197K)
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