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Volume 34 (1989)
- Issue 4 Pages 273-
- Issue 3 Pages 181-
- Issue 2 Pages 87-
- Issue 1 Pages 1-
- Issue Suppl Pages 1-
Volume 34, Issue 3
Displaying 1-13 of 13 articles from this issue
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Eiichi MINAMI1989 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 181-187
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
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Shin-ichi SAKAMOTO1989 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 188-195
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
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Hiroto NAKAYAMA, Makoto KONNAI, Nobumasa ICHIZEN, Satoru OHBUCHI, Tets ...1989 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 196-203
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of various types of surfactants on the action of the foliar applied type herbicide propanil, especially on the acceleration of its herbicidal action, were evaluated in relation to the physical properties, spreading and permeating properties of the surfactant solutions (0.1%).
The 0.1% solutions of the POE nonylphenyl ether surfactants varied in their spreading and permeating properties in proportion to their HLB values, with the maximum being around 12-13 of the HLB value.
Most of the surfactants added accelerated the propanil action applied at a sub-lethal dosage against barnyard millet (Echinochloa crus-galli L.). The effects on this action were higher at about 12 of HLB or 8 of EO moles in the POE nonylphenyl ether surfactants. In addition, with all the surfactants tested, a better correlation coefficient 0.77 (p<0.1) was obtained between the acceleration-activity and the values calculated as follows: values of spreading property × (1/values of permeating property), indicating that the surfactants which were good in both properties showed higher acceleration-activity.
Effects of three surfactants with different ionic characters on the propanil action were also examined by monitoring the photosynthetic activity of the treated plants. The data showed a similar trend to those in the pot test and the No. 4 surfactant was the most effective, indicating that it accelerated propanil action presumably by improving cuticle penetration of the herbicide.View full abstractDownload PDF (1064K) -
Tohru TOMINAGA, Hisao KOBAYASHI, Kunikazu UEKI1989 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 204-209
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSSeasonal change in the dry-matter production of Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii grassland was investigated in an abandoned field (135°50′E, 33°28′N, about 50m above sea level) on Kii-Ohshima Island. This weed grows densely and covers nearly the entire field. The standing-crop in three quadrats (50×50cm2) was investigated by the stratified clip technique at intervals of about one month from June 14, 1980 to May 18, 1981.
I. cylindrica var. koenigii was dominant in every season. The maximum standing-crop of 883g/m2 was obtained in January, and I. cylindrica var. koenigii accounted for 772g/m2 of that. The other 31 species, Miscanthus sinensis, Rumex acetosa, and Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum etc., covered only a small area. The rhizome is the main reproductive organ of I. cylindrica var. koenigii and were distributed densely and complicatedly in soil depths of 0 to 30cm. Rhizomes occupied 40 to 50% of the total dry-matter weight.View full abstractDownload PDF (4347K) -
Yasuo HANIOKA1989 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 210-214
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESS1. In mulberry fields located in Kumagaya City in Saitama Prefecture, in May 1986, studies were carried out on the biotype of Erigeron sumatrensis RETZ., a weed strongly resistant to paraquat. Based on data on the distribution of the weed in surrounding areas, the incidence was considered to be low on the whole and no zones with gregarious distribution as in the case of the Erigeron philadelphicus L. plants were observed.
2. The degree oh discoloration of the leaves in relation to the concentration of paraquat was analysed in leaf discs dipped in a paraquat solution. Whereas the leaf discs of the plants tolerant to paraquat turned brown at a 1ppm concentration of paraquat within 48 hours, those of the plants resistant to paraquat preserved their green color even at a concentration of 10ppm and at 100ppm a faint brown discoloration was observed. Such a reaction was similar to that noted in the Erigeron philadelphicus L. and Erigeron canadensis L. plants resistant to paraquat.
3. From the end of June to the beginning of July, 1988, studies on the distribution of Erigeron sumatrensis RETZ. plants resistant to paraquat were carried out in mulberry field corresponding to 243 sites in 5 areas located in the main sericultural zone of Saitama Prefecture. Resistant plants were observed in 54% of the sites where they had occureed.View full abstractDownload PDF (584K) -
Yasuo HANIOKA1989 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 215-221
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSStudies on the distribution and characteristics of Erigeron philadephicus L., a weed resistant to Paraquat were carried out in mulberry field located in Saitama Prefecture.
1. The distribution of the Paraquat-resistant weed was studied in 235 and 243 sites in 1986 and 1988, respectively, in mulberry fields located in the main sericulture zone of the Prefecture.
The rate of incidence of the weed was high, namely, 86 and 87% in the two surveys.
Although the weed was widely distributed in the mulberry fields of the Prefecture, these figures were considerd to represent the peak of occurrence. Resistant plants weme recorded in 68% and 89% of the sites where occurrence was observed in 1986 and 1988, respectively. It is thus likely that this rate will increase in future.
2. In the sites where only weeds tolerant to the herbicide appeared, the occupation rate was low whereas in the sites where only weeds resistant to the herbicide were observed, the occupation rate was very high and in many instances the weed became the predominant species.
3. The changes in the distribution of resistant Erigeron philadelphicus L. plants in one sector of the mulberry fields were monitored during the period 1982-1988. It was found that the resistant plants tended to invade the field from the periphery to the center. The percentage of occurrence of resistance had increased from 30% to 96% during the 6 year period of observation. However, plants tolerant to the herbicide could still be recognized.View full abstractDownload PDF (880K) -
III. Changes in the Morphological Effects of Phenothiol-Simetryn and Dimepiperate Mixtures Depending on the Type of Paddy Soils and DosesKiwamu FUJITA, Hidejiro SHIBAYAMA1989 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 222-230
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSEffects of phenothiol-simetryn mixture application on rice morphology and Safening by combination with dimepiperate were investigated with different types of paddy soils and with different doses of herbicides. Experiments were conducted by using three kinds of soils. The doses used were the same as those described in the previous report.
1) Effects of phenothiol-simetryn and dimepiperate mixtures on rice shoots were not conspicuous except for the expansion of rice hills, and there was no difference between the effects of the two herbicides.
2) Morphological effects on rice roots included various abnormalities of crown roots, which bended or were enlarged in the basal portion. Morphologically affected roots involved mainly the lower roots of the 8th shoot unit and others around them.
3) Morphological effects on rice roots were more severe in plots with a mixture of sand and clay loam and sandy loam than on those with clay loam. In the case of clay loam, more severe morphological effects on rice roots appeared at 600g/a than at the standard dose of 300g/a of commercial herbicides.
4) Safening effect on rice of the application of phenothiol-simetryn in combination with dimepiperate was appreciable a little in relation to the number and the degree of morphological abnormalities of roots.View full abstractDownload PDF (3783K) -
Katsuichiro KOBAYASHI, Katsunori ICHINOSE1989 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 231-238
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNaproanilide [2-(2-naphthoxy) propionanilide] translocation between the mother and daughter plants of Cyperus serotinus was investigated in relation to its effect on tuberization.
Inhibition of tuberization was found in both plants when naproanilide was simultaneously applied to their underground parts. When applied to the underground part of the mother plant, tuberization was inhibited not only in the mother plant but also in the daughter plant. When treated to the underground part of the largest daughter plant (n-1 plant), naproanilide inhibited tuberization in n-1 plant and in its daughter plants but not in the mother or other daughter plants. The effects of 2-(2-naphthoxy) propionic acid and methyl 2-(2-naphthoxy) propionate, major metabolites of naproanilide, on the tuberization were similar to naproanilide in all treatments.
When the underground parts of mother and daughter plants were applied with 14C-naproanilide at the same time, the concentration of radioactivity was higher in the daughter plants. Considerable translocation through the rhizome was found from the mother to the daughter plants but little from the daughter to the mother plant.
It is suggested that the inhibition of tuberization in the daughter plant of C. serotinus was caused by the naproanilied and/or its metabolites translocated from the mother plant, and that the small amount translocated from the daughter to the mother plant was the reason the tuberization of mother plant was not inhibited when the herbicide was applied to the daughter plant.View full abstractDownload PDF (2544K) -
Kiyoshi YOKOTA, Kunio TAKADATE, Masanobu NONAKA1989 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 239-245
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe effects of the autumn-application of selected herbicides, i. e. liquid formulation of glyphosate and glufosinate, water-soluble granular formulation of bialaphos, and granular type of DBN-DCMU, on the growth of Rumex obtusifolius L. which is one of the dominant weeds in apple orchards were investigated. The results obtained in the present study are as follows:
1. When the herbicides were applied in mid-November, the amounts (fresh and dry weights) of weeds in the following spring were reduced, and thus an additional herbicide application or weeding was not required until mid June. Rumex obtusifolius L. was effectively controlled by these herbicides.
2. The application of herbicides, i. e. glufosinate and bialaphos, was most effective in late autumn, before the weeds began to wither.
3. The amount of NO3-N in the soils in early spring depended on the amount of weeds. The NO3-N concentration in the soils was high when the amount of weeds was small.
4. In the plots where a larger amount of weeds was present at the time of fertilizer application, most of the nitrogen applied was immediately absorbed by the weeds. Thus, the translocation of nitrogen into the root zone of the apple trees was markedly restricted.
5. The amount of nitrogen in the weeds ranged from 3.1 to 3.8% on an oven-dry basis. The quantity of nitrogen absorbed by the weeds was estimated to be equivalent to approximately 150 kg-N as fertilizer per ha when the weeds grew profusely until early June.
6. As the effect of fertilizer application was enhanced by the application of herbicides in autumn, the amount of nitrogen available to the apple trees remained in the soils.
7. These results indicate that the autumn application of herbicides in the apple orchards reduced the labor requirement for weed control in early spring and at the same time the effect of fertilizer application was enhanced. Consequently, herbicide application in autumn was advantageous for the systematic control of weeds in apple orchards.View full abstractDownload PDF (899K) -
Hisao ISHIKAWA, Hideo HOSAKA, Takashi KAWANA1989 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 246-252
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe present investigations were undertaken to study the herbicidal properties of alloxydim {Sodium salt of methyl 3-[1-(allyloxyamino) butylidene] 6, 6-dimethyl-2, 4-dioxocyclohexane-carboxylate} and sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino) butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio) propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexene-1-one} and to confirm the differences in their herbicidal activity and selectivity. The results are as follows:
1) Alloxydim and sethoxydim showed a high herbicidal activity in postemergence application against 27 species of gramineous plants at the rates of 0.5kg/ha and 0.125kg/ha, respectively. However, red fescue (Festuca rubra) and annual bluegrass (Poa annua) were very tolerant to the chemicals (Table 1).
2) It was estimated that sethoxydim was generally 3 or 4 times more active than alloxydim (Table 1). A slight phytotoxicity on leaf-surfaces of most soybean cultivars (Glycine max) was observed at 2kg/ha for sethoxydim and at 4kg/ha for alloxydim (Table 2). These results indicate that sethoxydim has a higher selectivity to soybeans for the control of gramineous weeds than alloxydim.
3) Decrease in herbicidal activity of sethoxydim at late stages of crabgrass (Digitaria adscendens) was less pronounced than that of alloxydim (Table 3). Difference in herbicidal activity between sethoxydim and alloxydim was larger in the spot application on a leaf of crabgrass than in the over-the-top application on the weed (Fig. 1, 2).
4) Activity of both herbicides, especially that of sethoxydim increased as the volume of added water for dilution decreased from 1000 to 250l/ha (Fig. 3).View full abstractDownload PDF (777K) -
Shigeru TAKAYANAGI, Tokuichi KUSANAGI1989 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 253-260
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSAs the first step to develop a prediction method for the seasonal variation in emergence of weeds, a dynamic model that can represent the seedling emergence patterns of D. adscendens for various rotary tilling dates was designed by computing the daily air temperature and soil moisture content.
The model is based on the following equations.
Y=1/(1+99999 exp(-λ lnX))…(1)
X=ΣXi…(2)
x=a(TM-T0)·b(WS-W0)…(3)
If TM<T0 or WS<W0 then x=0
Where Y is the accumulated rate of emergence (0<Y<1); X is the daily accumulated values of the emergence equivalent (x); i is the i th day after rotary tilling; TM is the daily mean air temperature (°C); WS is the daily soil moisture content (water%/dry soil); T0, W0, a, b, and λ are parameters (Fig. 1).
The value of the parameters was determined by the Simplex Method based on data of field experiments in which ten different tilling dates were selected for three consecutive years. The results obtained were as follows: T0=13.20°C, W0=37.63%, a=0.984, b=0.917 and λ=1.613 (Table 1).
In general, a good agreement was obtained between the predictions and the observations in the seedling emergence patterns of D. adscendens for different rotary tilling dates (Fig. 2-5)View full abstractDownload PDF (1066K) -
Terumasa HONMURA1989 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 261-265
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (596K) -
Keiko NAKATANI, Kazuyuki MATSUO, Hirohiko MORITA, Hiroyoshi OMOKAWA1989 Volume 34 Issue 3 Pages 266-270
Published: October 30, 1989
Released on J-STAGE: December 17, 2009
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (696K)
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