Roost site selection and colony size of the common Japanese pipistrelle, Pipistrellus abramus, were studied in Fuchu, Tokyo in 1993. The pipistrelles were found to roost in narrow spaces under rooftiles, parapet caps, and small roof covers above windows, sliding aluminium frame windows, inside sliding window cover cases and in the spaces created by the junction at main roof joints as well as the junction of small window roof covers with the outer wall of buildings. Roost sites seemed to be chosen in direct proportion to the frequency in which building styles. Building styles included houses with wood-siding, houses covered with mortar and ferroconcrete buildings. The most common roost site for the bats roosted was the space under rooftiles. Colony size was 5.1±5.7(SD)(range 1-26, n=27) during the period of May through July and 10.3±13.1 (SD)(range 1-61, n=22) during the period of August through October. Most single bats were found to roost in small spaces under rooftiles, while large colonies were found in comparatively bigger spaces such as those under parapet caps.

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The weight variability of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) antlers, acquired in various Polish provinces, was compared with selected environmental factors including (1) climate parameters : seasonal changes in temperature, precipitation, snow cover, insolation, winter severity index, and (2) habitat characteristics : the composition of the forest, and density of various ecotones. The study included mutual associations and the joint effect of analyzed factors on antlers weight. All considered environmental factors were responsible for over 14% of variability in roe deer antlers. Assessed were sources of variability in the weight of antlers. The most significant among parameters of habitat was the border between deciduous and coniferous stands (over 40% of pertaining variability), followed by a border between deciduous stands (over 20%). Ecotones between coniferous stands were negatively correlated with the weight of roe deer antlers (r=-0.14, p<0.001). Discussed was the importance of particular parameters of environment for the growth of antlers in roe deer including differences in the response of various aged males and social rank to the composition of forest habitat. For the youngest bucks the most significant finding was the effect of the forest edge (over 38% of antlers' variability), while for those males with antlers weighing over 350g was a combination of deciduous and coniferous habitats (27%). The paper describes also regional differences in the quality of roe deer antlers among Polish provinces. Three basic categories were distinguished among forests in Poland depending on their suitability for various models of roe deer management.

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In Russia, sea otter (Enhydra lutris) harvest started in 1741 when Bering's expedition arrived at Bering Island and the animals nearly became extinct during the following twenty years. Shortly thereafter sealing of northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) started and continued. A Russian monopoly, the Russian-American Company, managed Russian colonies and the land sealing industry from 1799 to 1867. Sealing of northern fur seals at sea started in 1866, and soon its harvest exceeded that of on land. For prohibiting sealing at sea Canada, Japan, USA and USSR contracted the Interim Convention on Conservation of North Pacific Fur Seals in 1911 (ICCNPFS). Since the eighteen century, sealing history is divided to three stages : 1) first stage of natural resource plundering with territory, 2) second stage of marketing management during the period of the Russian-American Company (1799-1867), 3) third stage of preliminary natural resource management during 1868 and 1911.

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