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発行日: 1992/03/29
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i-viii
発行日: 1992/03/29
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馬場 栄一, 池田 勉
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1-9
発行日: 1992/03/29
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A new torsionmeter was developed for the measurement of a shaft horse power at the sea trial of ships. The distorsion of the propeller shaft is recorded in a photoelectical way by a charged couple device. The on-line signal from this CCD can be analysed to get the shaft horse power instantaneously. The calibration was made on board and it was found that this new torsionmeter has an enough accuracy for practical use.
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新開 明二, 瀧本 努
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p.
11-20
発行日: 1992/03/29
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This report proposes a new wind propulsion assisted-apparatus, and presents a numerical method for analyzing aero-dynamic characteristics of this apparatus. Firstly, the computer algorithm is made up based upon the Vortex Distribution Method and its validity is discussed. Secondarily, the primary design of a new propulsion assisted-apparatus (the Compositive Wing Sails), which consists of two or three wing sails, is described, and an example of application of the apparatus to an Oil/Chemical Tanker is shown. Finally, a series of numerical calculations are executed for a variety of combinations with wing sections and the example of the apparatus by using the present numerical method. And, its peformance of the ship fitted with the Compositive Wing Sails is examined under varying condition of wind. It is confirmed that the apparatus is a useful method for saving the propulsion power.
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片岡 克己, 安東 潤, 中武 一明
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p.
21-30
発行日: 1992/03/29
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WIG (Wing-in-Ground-Effect) craft is becoming popular as one of high speed marine vehicles. The free surface effect on the characteristics of wing was considered negligible, however, it was not well confirmed by theoretical calculation. This paper presents a method to calculate the steady potential flow fields around the 2-D wing and the characteristics of the wing taking into consideration the free surface effect. The wing is represented by source distribution on the wing surface and constant vortex distribution on the camber line. The free surface effect is taken into account by source distribution on the still water surface. Calculation is performed for various wing sections. Results confirm the negligible free surface effect on the characteristics of wings.
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上入佐 光, 右近 良孝, 工藤 達郎, 岡本 三千朗, 湯浅 肇, 板谷 芳樹
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p.
31-45
発行日: 1992/03/29
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Recently Highly Skewed Propellers, HSP in short, become more popular and have been adopted on 3,000 ships in JAPAN. It can decrease the vibration of ships and greatly reduce the ship's noise. On the other hand, it has been reported that 180 serious damages have occurred on HSP. Actually, the rate of the damage on propellers was 6% which were cracked, bent and broken near the tips of the blades. FEM analysis of the blade stress is applied to the design of marine propellers effectively. But, there are no data for directly confirming whether FEM analysis predict the full scale phenomena with sufficient accuracy. It is considered that the best way to investigate the mechanism of damage on HSP and to confirm the accuracy of the FEM analysis is the measurement of the stress especially near the tip of blade on a full scale propeller. Fortunately we had an opportunity to measure the blade stress on full scale propellers of the training ship "SEIUN-MARU". At first, the conventional propeller, CP in short, and then the HSP were measured through a research project (SR206) from 1989 to 1990. FEM calculation was also carried out to confirm its accuracy by comparing the calculation results with the measured full scale data. Moreover, blade stress measurement with HSP model was conducted in the cavitation tunnel. From this research, interesting results have been obtained as described below. On CP, it was found that the tension acting toward radial direction was dominant while the stress toward tangential direction was negligibly small under ahead conditions. Due to the effect of increased blade thickness, the maximum stress in radial direction on HSP was about 70% of that on CP. It was clarified, however that much caution had to be taken about the strength in the vicinity of the trailing edge near the propeller tip where high hydrodynamic load was acted. FEM analysis simulates the stress distribution on a full scale HSP correctly if the pressure distribution on the blade is predicted with sufficient accuracy as input data. The model test in cavitation tunnel which was newly developed showed excellent agreement with the full scale measurement results. The present study will provide invaluable information on the damage mechanism of HSP, and it must be greatly useful for developing reliable program code which can calculate the pressure distribution on the propeller more accurately.
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Chen-Jun YANG, Masahiro TAMASHIMA, Guoqiang WANG, Ryusuke YAMAZAKI, Ha ...
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p.
47-65
発行日: 1992/03/29
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In this paper, a numerical method based on the lifting surface theory is presented for predicting the unsteady performance of contra-rotating propellers operating in uniform or non-uniform inflows and at equal or unequal rates of revolution. The vortex lattice method is employed to calculate the loading on propeller blades. The existence of the boss is neglected. The trailing vortex wake model proposed by the authors previously for predicting the steady performance of contra-rotating propellers is used in the present unsteady performance calculations. The trailing vortex interactions between the forward and aft propellers are taken into account in the wake model. Based on the present method, a computer program has been developed. Numerical calculations are performed for several sets of contra-rotating propellers. The predicted frequencies of bearing forces due to the interactions between contra-rotating propellers agree perfectly with theoretical results. Regarding the amplitudes of bearing forces, the correlation between the present results and available experimental data is satisfactory. Based on the present numerical results, discussions are also made on the characteristics of bearing forces when contra-rotating propellers operate in non-uniform inflows and at equal and unequal rates of revolution.
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千葉 規胤
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p.
67-72
発行日: 1992/03/29
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In order to make clearer the mechanism of cavitation erosion of marine propeller, it is examined what will affect the collapse of unsteady cavities on the blade. The behavior of free vortex calculated by unsteady lifting surface theory is found to be correspondent fairly well to that of unsteady cavities observed in the cavitation tunnel. Therefore, the free vortex on the blade seems to be closely related to the collapse of unsteady cavity.
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玉島 正裕, 楊 晨俊, 山崎 隆介
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p.
73-90
発行日: 1992/03/29
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In designing a ship, it is very important to predict the performance of a rudder from the points of view of both propulsive performance and maneuverability. In this report, the flow field around a rudder and the pressure distribution on a rudder with rudder angle behind propeller are mainly treated theoretically. For representing the propeller, the simple propeller theory of the infinite number of propeller blades is used with roughly considering a contraction in slipstream. For a rudder with rudder angle in the non-uniform propeller slipstream, the panel method by L. Morino is applied to calculate the flow field and the performance of the rudder, including the viscous effect by the two-dimensional boundary layer calculation. As for the mutual interaction, the calculation on propeller and rudder is iterated so as to converge the pitch of propeller slipstream. The calculated results of the flow velocity around the propeller-rudder and the pressure distributions on the rudder surface with/without rudder angles are compared with the experimental data.
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貴島 勝郎, 古川 芳孝, 鷲尾 祐秀
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p.
91-102
発行日: 1992/03/29
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Offshore platforms are required to keep the position under the external forces such as ocean current, wind or wave. Generally, PID control theory is mainly used to design the control systems of offshore platform for surge, sway and yaw motion respectively. However, it is considered that taking into account the relation of those components in the control systems will be more effective. Furthermore, type and arrangement of thrusters will have much influence on the performance of the control system. From these points, we proposed a control system that is applied the linear optimal regulator control theory in the previous paper. We discussed on performance of the control system for two types of thruster system that are equipped tunnel-type thrusters or rotatable thrusters under the steady external forces. However, the offshore platform is always in the influence of the unsteady external forces. Then, it is necessary to take into account the unsteady external forces. Especially it is considered that the external forces such as ocean current and wind have much influence on the horizontal motion of offshore platform. Therefore, in this paper, we apply the Dynamic Positioning System (DPS) with optimal regulator control theory to the semi-submerged platform with two lower hulls under the unsteady external forces. Furthermore, we compared performance of this control system with that of PID control system. From the results of the computer simulation, it is shown that the present control system will be effective to keep the position of platform under the unsteady external forces such as current and wind. It is considered that the present control system would be more efficient than the conventional PID control system.
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瀬戸 秀幸
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p.
103-113
発行日: 1992/03/29
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This paper presents a simple, stable and accurate algorithm for evaluating the following semi-infinite principal integrals efficiently for all relevant values of V, above all for small V, which appear in some expressions of velocity potentials due to pulsating multipoles in water of finite depth. [numerical formula] m=0,1,2,… where V=Kh(h: water depth, K: wave number for h→∞). The asymptotic expressions to the above principal integrals for V〜0 are also derived analytically and are compared with the results by the above scheme numerically. Excellent coincidence is found between the numerical results and the asymptotic ones for V〜0 as well as the existing ones for larger V. High computational accuracy and stability of the present numerical scheme is thus illustrated and, conversely, the validity of the asymptotic expressions derived are proved at the same time. Accordingly, the velocity potentials due to pulsating multipoles, including sources, in shallow water can be calculated very efficiently. A great reduction of computer time and cost can then be achieved in the three-dimensional boundary element computations of shallow water waves of radiation and diffraction, which are known as much more time-consuming than the deep water counterpart. It will also allow the practicing engineers to do such computations on workstations and personal computers easily and freely.
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岩本 才次
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p.
115-130
発行日: 1992/03/29
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This paper deals with the propagation of hydraulic jumps travelling in a tank with step-like bottom and approximate solutions of shallow water equations. Random Choice Method (RCM) is a usefully numerical technique for solving the shallow water equations. There are, however, some difficult problems to analyze fluid dynamic behavior of the deck water by using RCM, for the flow of water become complicated on account of existence of the camber and the hatch on the deck. In this report, on the supposition that shipping water is on the deck, the hydraulic jumps travelling across step-like bottom, which abruptly changes the tank depth at a location, is dealt. Possibility of application of modified RCM to the tank is discussed. Model tank tests are performed in order to examine usefulness for applying modified RCM to these problems. The experimental results agree well with the calculating results by modified RCM.
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菅 信, 田口 晴邦
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p.
131-149
発行日: 1992/03/29
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A ship with flooded water into some damaged compartments, or with shipped water on deck has often negative GM, which means unstable equilibrium at an upright condition, and is stable at some heel angle. A capsize equation for such a ship is named a loll type capsize equation, or two well capsize equation because the potential function has the two well. On the basis of the recently developed nonlinear dynamical systems theory, authors have been studying the ordinary capsize equation of one well type. Even for the simplest capsize equation with the one well potential, many mysterious nonlinear phenomena have been observed by the numerical studies. For the capsize equation with the two well potential, similar numerical studies have been carried out. As a result, many different phenomena have been observed in the bifurcation diagrams, time histories, phase portraits, chaotic attractors, basin boundary metamorphoses and capsize boundaries in the control space. In the bifurcation diagrams, a wide range of the chaos with several windows having the finite period such as 3T or 5T is observed. A complicated and splendid chaotic attractor is also observed, while in the one well type there exists only a simple chaotic attractor of the folded band. Safe basin in the initial value plane is eroded in a different manner from one well type. The boundaries between capsize and non-capsize regions in the control space have another fractal like features. In this paper such complicated and mysterious phenomena are described, but the mechanism of such phenomena, and the totality of the outstructure are not examined, except an approximate bifurcation analysis and a Melnikov analysis. In order to clarify the difference between one and two well equations, the invariant manifold analysis should be done. Applications to the safety criterion should also be pursued.
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小川原 陽一, 吉永 浩志, 種子島 謙一, 新宅 英司
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p.
151-159
発行日: 1992/03/29
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Recently, neural networks have been studied using the back propagation learning algorithm for the manoeuvring control systems of ships. But usually it is difficult to consider the dynamic characteristics of the controlled system and to determine the number of layers, units and the value of synaptic weights. In this paper, we try to apply the Learnig Feed-Forward Controller (LFFC) to the manoeuvring control system of the ship. This control system consists of a feed-forward controller based on an inverse-dynamic model of the controlled system and a feedback controller like a Proportional, Integral and Derivative controller (PID). The inversedynamic model expresses the values of the necessary manipulated variables to the manoeuvring motion and with the feedback error learning method the output of the feedback controller tends to zero as learnig proceeds. That is, this system is controlled by the feedback controller at first and subsequently the LFFC begins to learn and takes over the control. As a result of learning, the system attains fast responsibility to the demand. A series of numerical experiments or computer simulations were executed for a container ship as an example and the fundamental data for the development of the new control system are obtained.
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川野 始, 倉本 美男, 阪井 大輔, 橋本 州史, 井上 俊司, 伏見 彬, 萩原 孝一
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p.
161-166
発行日: 1992/03/29
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The longitudinal frame is the most fundamental and common structure in ship hull. However there are few papers that have investigated the typical features of the actual scantlings of the longitudinals. Especially as to the asymmetric sectional frame, it shows unexpectedly high torsional warping deformation and the resultant high stresses. The typical features in longitudinal frames in ship, when modeling to torsional warping beam, is that they are connected to adjoing frames. And another point is that their sectional deformation is easy to occur defying the premise of the thin thickness elastic beam theory. Therefore the authors have thought out a simplified model to consider these effects and compared the stresses thereby obtained with the result of FEM stress analysis.
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安澤 幸隆
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p.
167-178
発行日: 1992/03/29
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Many feasibility studies of structures in the sea which has the possibility of the utilization in the future are needed for realization. In this paper, the behaviour of stress and deformation and the buckling strength of underwater drop shaped shell are studied by numerical analysis which is finite element analysis. The shape of drop shaped shell is determined so that the membrane stress may be uniform all over the shell in the membrane theory of axisymmetrical thin shell subjected to normal pressure which varies linearly in the direction of depth. That is generated numerically by means of forward difference calculus because the governing equation is nonlinear. The geometrical parameters of this shell which vary along the meridian are needed for the finite element analysis. But if geometrical parameters at integral points are interporated using both the gradient and coordinates generated by the above procedure, values cannot be obtained properly. Therefore the coordinates R and Z are approximated by fifth order polynomial function of meridian coordinate s. The half drop shaped shell whose surface is vertical at the bottom is focused and the structural behaviour of that is compared with that of the whole drop shaped shell which is proposed by Royles. As a result of calculation, the bending stress along the meridian is concentrated at the bottom part and therefore should be resuced by stiffening and the half drop shaped shell seems to be safer than the whole brop shaped shell in the process of the underwater settlement. The formulation for buckling analysis is performed using the second variation of the potential energy of the rotationary thin shell. The shape of the buckling mode of the half drop shaped shell is concentrated in the bottom part. Therefore raising of the bending stiffness may be effective to increase buckling strength of this shell.
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西野 宏, 安澤 幸隆, 大高 勝夫
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p.
179-188
発行日: 1992/03/29
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This paper describes the dynamic characteristics of stiffened plate having geometrical imperfection and subjected to uni-axially in-plane compressive load. The geometrical imperfection and in-plane load are treated taking into account of additional terms in the strain-displacement relations, as treated by von Karman. The numerical analysis is performed by use of FEM code 'BUKVIB' developed by the authors. The following results are obtained. Firstly, the natural frequencies increase with the increase of the initial deflection, especially when mode shape is similar to that of imperfection. Secondly, the localization of natural modes is observed when the imperfection is partial. Thirdly, the vibration characteristics of stiffened plate subjected to in-plane load are investigated. When the plate has no initial deflection, it is found that the natural frequency of vibration modes which are identical to the buckling modes of stiffened plate with no initial deflection decrease with increasing in plane load. The frequency of stiffened plate with initial deflection is higher than that without imperfection.
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豊貞 雅宏, 後川 理, 丹羽 敏男, 武中 秀樹
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p.
189-206
発行日: 1992/03/29
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A fatigue crack propagation model in an arbitrary stress distribution field is developed considering the crack opening and closing phenomena, based upon the Dugdale model where the displacement continuity is satisfied by continuously plugging in segments for the fictitious crack surface displacement in the plastic zone. The present model is further modified as to leave the plastically deformed materials along the crack route as such, as the crack advances. In the model, reciprocal theory for cracked body is adapted for the purpose of obtaining the elastic COD under an arbitrary stress distribution, which shows good agreement with calculated COD by FEM or BEM. Fatigue crack propagation test for a CT specimen with a circular notch is carried out for the purpose of measuring the crack opening/closing load and the Re-tensile Plastic zone Generated load as a function of crack length. It becomes obvious that the crack opening load is less than the crack closing load. The calculation results of crack opening load and Re-tensile Plastic zone Generated load by the developed simulation program are shown to be in good agreement with experimental ones, if the cyclic yield stress is adopted as the yield stress, except immediately after crack initiation. It is considered that this difference may be the result of not considering the yield phenomenon near the notch root.
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川野 始, 川嵜 哲郎, 阪井 大輔, 野田 俊介, 伏見 彬, 萩原 孝一
原稿種別: 本文
p.
207-213
発行日: 1992/03/29
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The direct calculation method has been spreading over structural design field on ship. It enables us to calculate so fine stress distribution as occasion demands including even the local change of stresses in the vicinity of weld joint at the structural discontinuity. Nevertheless, we are always troubled with how to utilize the FEM output for analysing fatigue strength, because that it has not yet enough established the local approach to the fatigue strength assessment of welded components. Therefore the authors have investigated the crack growth characteristics at round fillet weld toe and proposed a critical crack configuration to be supposed in fatigue design stage. Next, employing a new parameter C(r) given by the necessary number of cycles before the critical configuration and the local stress distribution, several series of fatigue tests were re-analyzed. And it was shown that these series of tests had common C(r) -value only where the distance from weld toe is within about 5mm. Consequently it is practically concluded that the local stress at 5mm away from the weld toe would be appropriate as the reference stress when designing the structural components with similar round fillet welds.
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藤本 由紀夫, A. M. Swilem Swilem
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p.
215-225
発行日: 1992/03/29
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Structural safety against fatigue failure is an important design consideration for ships and offshore structures. Sufficient safety is achieved through well-balanced use of several safety items at design, fabrication and inspection maintenance. Each safety item has a certain cost and it is of importance to minimize total expected cost during the life-time of the structure. In this study, life-time cost minimization method and its consistent formulations are developed for structures with fatigue deterioration. Optimization parameters are fatigue life, initial defect conditions, inspection times and inspection qualities for structure. The sequential cost minimization method developed by authors is employed for the optimization of inspection strategy. Trade-off study is carried out to search the optimal fatigue lives and initial defect conditions of members. Proposed method is examined for the three types of optimization problems: optimization of inspection schedule for a member set which has been designed based on a certain fatigue criterion, optimization of fatigue life for a member set which has a prefixed inspection schedule, and optimization of both fatigue lives and inspection strategy for a newly developed structure. The results of numerical examples show that the sequential cost minimization method and the trade-off approach are useful for the improvements of fatigue design and inspection maintenance of actual structures, since they can avoid several difficulties caused by multistage decision process.
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椛田 剛, 座間 正人, 井上 好章, 平田 隆明, 多田 益男, 伏見 彬, 矢島 浩
原稿種別: 本文
p.
227-236
発行日: 1992/03/29
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To measure, confirm, and secure the reliability as regards the bonded joint holding strength at the plate-to-plate interface of the stainless-clad steel plate used as the hull structural material for chemical tankers, the authors devised and implemented a new fracture toughness tests as herein introduced. Selecting stainless-clad steel plates (SUS 316L+MS, SUS 317L+MS, and SUS 317LN+HT50) for their study, the authors performed JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard)-specified tests and the newly devised fracture toughness tests as follows. (1) JIS G0601-specified shear strength test and ram tensile test were performed, to determine the shear strength and ram tensile strength at the plate-to-plate interface of each of the stainless-clad steel plates. (2) The newly devised fracture toughness test methods were used in performing the cruciform welded joint tensile test, center-notched flat plate tensile test, and compact tension test using each of the stainless-clad steel plates, to positively determine the fracture toughness at the plate-to-plate interface in welded joint.
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矢島 浩, 川野 始, 多田 益男, 井上 克明, 阪井 大輔, 伏見 彬
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p.
237-244
発行日: 1992/03/29
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Focusing on ship hull local structures fabricated in TMCP-HT50 (TMCP-manufactured 50kgf/mm^2-class high tensile) steel plate, the authors studied specifically the fatigue strength of the boxing fillet weld at its toe as laid on the local structural component part and have come up with a fatigue strength evaluation technique, which they believe is of practical usefulness, and which may be capsulized as follows. (1) Elementary component test specimens containing the boxing-welded fillet joints produced employing the same welding conditions that are used in the shop fabrication will be fatigue-tested, and the test results thereby obtained will be sorted out on the basis of the stress reading taken at a distance of 5mm from the toe of each fillet weld, or stress (σ_5), to develop a Δσ_5-N_f curve. (2) Next, the stress (σ_5) induced in the toe of boxing fillet weld on the local structural component part will be determined by solid finite element analysis. (3) Using the Δσ_5-N_f curve developed as in (1) above, the local structural part of particular interest containing the boxing-welded fillet joint will be evaluated for fatigue strength. Also, the authors established a Δσ_5-N curve for the toe of boxing fillet weld laid on TMCP-HT50 steel plate.
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矢島 浩, 多田 益男, 萩原 孝一, 坂井 文和, 伏見 彬, 杉江 英司, 天野 虔一
原稿種別: 本文
p.
245-252
発行日: 1992/03/29
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TMCP-manufactured low-temperature steel plate 60mm in thickness and 400MPa class in yield point, newly developed for application to a cone-type fixed offshore structure to operate in the Arctic Ocean (design temperature: -50deg.C), was evaluated for fracture toughness it would offer as base plate and in way of the welded joint produced in it, with the conclusion as capsulized hereunder. (1) Despite its thickness of 60mm, the steel plate is of uniform material properties by virtue of TMCP employed in the manufacturing process. (2) Engineering considerations incorporated to prevent the toughness deterioration at HAZ of high-heat-input welded joint and to improve the toughness of local brittle zone (LBZ) in HAZ of multilayer welded joint enable the steel plate to offer excellent toughness at HAZ of every welded joint produced in it. (3) The newly developed steel plate is fully capable of practical application to the Arctic Offshore structures and, besides, can be fabricated by high-heat-input welding process (max. heat input: 19.3kJ/mm).
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