YAKUGAKU ZASSHI
Online ISSN : 1347-5231
Print ISSN : 0031-6903
ISSN-L : 0031-6903
121 巻, 12 号
選択された号の論文の13件中1~13を表示しています
総説
  • Akiko IKEKAWA, Sumiko IKEKAWA
    専門分野: Others
    2001 年 121 巻 12 号 p. 845-873
    発行日: 2001年
    公開日: 2002/09/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    1996年から2000年の間にサイエンス誌に掲載されたヒューマンゲノムプロジェクト(HGP)とこれに関連する記事を整理して小さな知識ベースを構築した。この知識ベースから公的研究資金が導入されたHGPと私的な研究資金を導入したベンチャー企業との血のにじむ努力によって成し遂げられた驚くべき偉業と, その成果が今日のバイオテクノロジー及び生命科学に引き起こしている革命的変化を明解に把握することが出来た。1990年代半ばには, これらのグループの努力は高速自動DNAシークエンサーや一度にすべての遺伝子をシステマティックに分析出来るテクノロジーの開発を促した。これらのテクノロジーを用いることによって遺伝子配列決定の速度が加速され, 両グループはヒトやその他の生物の完全な遺伝子配列を決定することが出来た。これらの成果によって比較ゲノミックス, ファンクショナルゲノミックス, コンピューターとバイオテクノロジーの境界領域, プロテオミックス等の新しい分野が生み出された。生物学的研究は少数の遺伝子や蛋白質に着目する研究から一度にすべての遺伝子や蛋白質に着目する方向へシフトし, 従来のバイオロジー, 医薬品開発, 治療の分野にも革命的変化が引き起こされた。可能性のある医薬品のターゲットの範囲が拡大し, 医薬品開発プログラムの, 合理的なターゲットに基礎を置く方策へのシフトが促された。ただ症状を抑えるのではなく原因を扱う新世代の高度に効果的医薬品を生み出すことの出来るファーマコゲノミクスという分野が誕生した。今後はだれにでも安全で効果のある従来の薬物治療からパーソナライズドメディシン, パーソナライズドセラピーへのシフトも認められるであろう。
  • 南 雅文
    2001 年 121 巻 12 号 p. 875-885
    発行日: 2001/12/01
    公開日: 2002/09/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    The brain includes glial cells (astrocytes, microglia and oligodendrocytes) and endothelial cells in addition to neurons. Under some pathological conditions, it is invaded by leukocytes such as neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes. Intercellular communication across these cell species is supposed to play crucial roles both in the brain functions and dysfunctions. However, the molecular basis of such intercellular communication remains unclear. We have studied the roles of cytokines and chemokines, which have been investigated as essential mediators in the immune and inflammatory systems, in intercellular communication across neurons, glial cells, endothelial cells and leukocytes. Messenger RNA expression of cytokines such as interleukin-1β was induced in brain microglia by i.p. injection of excitotoxin and neurostimulant, at least, partly via catecholaminergic systems. Messenger RNA of other cytokines such as leukemia inhibitory factor was induced in astrocytes. This cytokine specifically induced nociceptin mRNA in the cultured cortical neurons. Constitutive expression of some chemokines such as fractalkine and stromal cell derived factor-1α was observed in the brain, suggesting that they play important roles in maintenance of brain homeostasis or determination of the patterning of neurons and/or glial cells in the developing and adult brains. Cytokines such as interleukin-1β and chemokines such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α were produced in ischemic brain and implicated in ischemic brain injury. In addition to ischemia, cytokines, chemokines and their receptors have been shown to be involved in various neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and AIDS dementia syndrome. They are potential targets for therapeutic intervention for neurodegenerative diseases.
  • 高須 清誠
    2001 年 121 巻 12 号 p. 887-898
    発行日: 2001/12/01
    公開日: 2002/09/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Intramolecular cascade reaction has received much attention as a powerful methodology to construct a polycyclic framework in organic synthesis. We have been developing “boomerang-type cascade reaction” to construct a variety of polycyclic skeletons efficiently. In the above reactions, a nucleophilic function of substrates changes the character into an electrophile after the initial reaction, and the electrophilic group acts as a nucleophile in the second reaction. That is, the reaction center stepwise moves from one functional group back to the same one via other functional groups. The stream of the electron concerning the cascade reaction is like a locus of boomerang. We show here three different boomerang-type reactions via ionic species or free radicals. 1) Diastereoselective Michael-aldol reaction based on the chiral auxiliary method and enantioselective Michael-aldol reaction by the use of external chiral sources. 2) Short and efficient total syntheses of longifolane sesquiterpenes utilizing intramolecular double Michael addition as a key step. 3) Development of boomerang-type radical cascade reaction of halopolyenes to construct terpenoid skeletons and its regioselectivity.
  • 野村 靖幸
    2001 年 121 巻 12 号 p. 899-908
    発行日: 2001/12/01
    公開日: 2002/09/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Studies on the cellular and molecular mechanism of neurotransmitter receptor-signaling and of neuronal and glial cell responses to stresses seem to be important to elucidate the action mechanism of centrally-acting drugs and to develop novel therapeutics against several diseases in the brain. The present review shows our findings with regard to the membrane receptor-signaling mechanism including serotonin, noradrenaline, glutamate receptors, ion channels, G-proteins, protein kinases and drug actions in Xenopus oocytes injected with rat brain mRNA, NG108-15 cells and brain membranes. Regarding the results of studies on the inter- and intra-cellular mechanism of neurons and glial cells against cerebral ischemia/hypoxia, we review the involvement of a transcription factor NF-κB in LPS-elicited inducible NO synthase(iNOS) expression in rat astroglial cells. Then we describe possible involvement of: 1) ADP-ribosylation/nitrosylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and 2) decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, release of caspase-3 from mitochondria and degradation of the inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase by activated caspase in NO-induced neuronal apoptosis. We observed that hypoxia results in expression of a molecular chaperon such as protein disulfide isomerase(PDI) and HSP70 in astroglial cells. Our recent findings indicate that overexpression of PDI in the rat hippocampus (in vivo) and in neuroblastoma SK-N-MC cells (in vitro) significantly suppress the hypoxia-induced neuronal death. From physiological/pathophysiological and pharmacological aspects, we review the importance of studies on the cellular and molecular mechanism of membrane receptor-signaling and of stress-responses in the brain to identify functional roles of neuro-glial- as well as neuro-neuronal interaction in the brain.
  • 鈴木 勉
    2001 年 121 巻 12 号 p. 909-914
    発行日: 2001/12/01
    公開日: 2002/09/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Clinical studies have demonstrated that when opiates are used to control cancer pain, psychological dependence and analgesic tolerance are not a major concern. The present study was, therefore, designed to investigate the modulation of rewarding effects of opiates under inflammatory chronic pain in SD rats. Formalin (2.5%, 50 μl) or carrageenan (1%, 100 μl) was injected into the plantar surface of the rat paw. Formalin and carrageenan reduced the paw pressure threshold. The hyperalgesia lasted for 9 to 13 days. Rewarding effect of morphine was evaluated by conditioned place preference paradigm. Morphine produced a significant place preference. This effect was significantly attenuated in inflamed groups as compared with the respective non-inflamed groups. Furthermore, the morphine-induced place preference in the inflamed group gradually recovered to the respective control level as the inflammation healed. On the other hand, we found that κ-opioid receptor agonists markedly inhibit rewarding effect of μ-opioid receptor agonists. Therefore, to elucidate the mechanism of this attenuation, the effects of pretreatment with κ- and δ-opioid receptor antagonists, nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) and naltrindole (NTI), on the development of the morphine-induced place preference under inflammation were examined. Nor-BNI, but not NTI, eliminated the suppression of the morphine-induced place preference in inflamed groups. The morphine-induced increase in dopamine turnover in the limbic forebrain was suppressed under inflammation, and the suppression was abolished by the pretreatment with nor-BNI. These results suggest that endogenous κ-opioid systems may be activated by chronic inflammatory nociception, resulting in the suppression of the development of rewarding effects produced by morphine.
  • 石黒 正路, 西原 達郎, 田中 里枝
    2001 年 121 巻 12 号 p. 915-927
    発行日: 2001/12/01
    公開日: 2002/09/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    An orally active penem antibiotic, Farom (generic name: faropenem), was designed by the conformational analysis of active and inactive penem derivatives. Faropenem showed potent activity against a wide variety of bacteria including extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing ones. The mechanism of the stability against ESBL was elucidated by modeling the Michaelis complex of faropenem and Toho-1, an ESBL. Modeling of a complex of faropenem at the active site of a penicillin-binding protein 2 (PBP2) model suggested the characteristic affinity for faropenem with PBP2 of Escherichia coli. Faropenem has been totally synthesized from (R)-1,3-butanediol. The synthetic intermediate, a 3-hydroxyethyl-4-acetoxyazetidinone derivative, was efficiently prepared by the 2+2 coupling of a optically active vinyl-sulfide derivative and chlorosulfonyl isocyanate, followed by the substitution of the acetoxy group for the thiophenyl group at the C-4 position.
  • 山本 昌
    2001 年 121 巻 12 号 p. 929-948
    発行日: 2001/12/01
    公開日: 2002/09/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Peptide and protein drugs are becoming a very important class of therapeutic agents. However, the oral bioavailability of peptide and protein drugs is generally poor because they are extensively degraded by proteases in the gastrointestinal tract or impermeable through the intestinal mucosa. For the systemic delivery of the peptide and protein drugs, parenteral administration is currently required to achieve their therapeutic activities. However, this administration is poorly accepted by patients and may cause allergic reactions and serious side effects. Therefore, various approaches have been examined to overcome the delivery problems of these peptides when they are administered into the gastrointestinal tract and other mucosal sites. These approaches include (1) to use additives such as absorption enhancers and protease inhibitors, (2) to develop an administration method for peptides that can serve as an alternative to oral and injection administration, (3) to modify the molecular structure of peptide and protein drugs to produce prodrugs and analogues, and (4) to use the dosage forms to these peptide drugs. In this study, we demonstrated that the transmucosal absorption of various peptides including insulin, calcitonin, tetragastrin and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) could be improved by the use of these approaches. Therefore, these approaches may give us basic information to improve the transmucosal absorption of peptide and protein drugs.
  • 金井 求
    2001 年 121 巻 12 号 p. 949-960
    発行日: 2001/12/01
    公開日: 2002/09/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    The design, synthesis, and application of a new bifunctional enantioselective catalyst containing both Lewis acidity and Lewis basicity are descibed. Recent developments of chiral quaternary stereocenter synthesis through catalytic enantioselective Reissert-type reaction and cyanosilylation of ketones forming the S-enantiomer are chiefly reviewed. The catalysts are composed of a Lewis acid metal (almunum, titanuim, or lanthanide) and a Lewis base (the oxygen atom of a phosphine oxide), of which positions are defined by 2,2'-binaphthol (BINOL) or a carbohydrate scaffold. Utilizing these catalysts, we have developed a variety of enantioselective cyanation reactions, such as chanosilylation of aldehydes and ketones, Strecker-type reaction, and Reissert-type reaction. These reactions showed a broad substrate generality. Investigations toward the elucidation of the reaction mechanism, involving kinetic studies, comparison of the results by control catalysts, and absolute configurations of the products, revealed that these reactions are catalyzed by a dual activation of a substrate and trimethylsilyl cyanide (TMSCN) by the Lewis acid and the Lewis base of these catalysts. Catalytic enantioselective synthesis of several drug lead compounds, such as anti-cancer epothilones, potent N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, phenytoin analogs, salsolinol carboxylic acid, and anti-cancer camptothecin was achieved, using these reaction as key steps.
  • 佐藤 美洋
    2001 年 121 巻 12 号 p. 961-969
    発行日: 2001/12/01
    公開日: 2002/09/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    A nickel (0)-catalyzed asymmetric [2+2+2] cocyclization has been realized for the first time. This reaction involves conceptually new enantiotopic group selective formation of a nickelacyclopentadiene intermediate and produces an isoindoline derivative (73% ee, 78% conv. yield) and an isoquinoline derivative (54% ee, 62% yield) having benzylic chiral carbon centers. The synthesizing methods of biaryls using the nickel-catalyzed [2+2+2] cocyclization were also developed. Two ways for the synthesis of biaryl using [2+2+2] cocyclization were investigated: one method is that biaryls synthesized from alkyne having a phenyl group and 2 equivalents of acetylene, and the other method is that those were synthesized from α,ω-diyne having a phenyl group at the α-position and acetylene.
  • 松田 芳郎
    2001 年 121 巻 12 号 p. 971-988
    発行日: 2001/12/01
    公開日: 2002/09/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    This review summarizes our studies on the development of the syntheses of cyclazine derivatives. These studies involve the following four main subjects; 1) the studies on cycl[3.2.2]azine derivatives; 2) the studies on cycl[3.3.2]azinone derivatives; 3) the studies on azacycl[3.3.3]azine derivatives; 4) the studies on cyclazinophane derivatives.
一般論文
  • Shinsaku NAITO, Masuhiro NISHIMURA
    原稿種別: Regular Article
    2001 年 121 巻 12 号 p. 989-994
    発行日: 2001/12/01
    公開日: 2002/09/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    The transport mechanisms of the enantiomers of BOF-4272, a new drug for the treatment of hyperuricemia, were studied using freshly prepared rat hepatocytes. BOF-4272 consists of S(−) and R(+) enantiomers due to a chiral center in the sulfoxide moiety. The uptake of these BOF-4272 enantiomers by hepatocytes was found to be temperature and dose dependent. The temperature-dependent uptake of the S(−) and R(+) enantiomers showed saturation kinetics. The Km values for the S(−) and R(+) enantiomers were 59.3 and 25.7 μM, respectively, which was a significant difference (p<0.05). However, the maximal uptake rate was comparable for both enantiomers. Metabolic inhibitors such as antimycin, oligomycin, rotenone, carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone, and carbonyl cyanide-p-(trifluromethoxy)-phenylhydrazone significantly inhibited uptake of the R(+) enantiomer, but had little effect on uptake of the S(−) enantiomer. Ouabain (an inhibitor of Na+/K+-ATPase) and p-nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR, a nucleoside transporter inhibitor) showed no significant effects on the uptake of either enantiomer. Organic anions such as taurocholate and cholate reduced the uptake of both enantiomers. These results suggest that the hepatic uptake of both BOF-4272 enantiomers is not due to simple diffusion but also involves carrier-mediated uptake. We suggest that the carrier-mediated uptake of BOF-4272 enantiomers includes both NBMPR-insensitive facilitated diffusion and an active transport system in liver plasma membrane, and that the enantioselective uptake of BOF-4272 is due to differences in affinity for the active transporter.
  • Yuko SEKINE, Yasusi TAKAI, Osamu NISHII, Noriko KUDAKA, Akiko ONOZAWA, ...
    原稿種別: Regular Article
    2001 年 121 巻 12 号 p. 995-1004
    発行日: 2001/12/01
    公開日: 2002/09/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    In the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at our hospital, a team of doctors, pharmacists, nurses, and other medical staff was established to prepare a clinical pathway for laparoscopic cystectomy. Various data on clinical charts including the use of drugs were collected from 57 patients by pharmacists and nurses. Based on the analysis of these data, hospitalization period, method of preoperative bowel preparation, time to initiation of food intake, duration of antibiotic administration, and time and content of pharmaceutical instructions to patients of dosage and administration were determined. Criteria for variances requiring the doctor’s directions were determined for fever, wound pain, and vomiting. The clinical pathway established here allows of not only the efficient and uniform care of patients, but also the active exchange of opinions among members of the medical team. Moreover, most patients who replied to a questionnaire said that they were at ease during hospitalization because they had received detailed information about the clinical pathway including the use of drugs before surgery. Thus, the participation of pharmacists on a medical team that is introducing a clinical pathway is particularly important because the use of drugs and pharmaceutical care are an important part of good patient care.
ノート
  • 道田 隆, 大澤 依里子, 山岡 由美子
    2001 年 121 巻 12 号 p. 1005-1010
    発行日: 2001/12/01
    公開日: 2002/09/27
    ジャーナル フリー
    Preparative constant-current electrolysis of N,N-dimethylaniline (100 mM, DMA) was carried out in dry acetonitrile containing Et4NClO4 to give N,N,N',N'-tetra-methylbenzidine (TMB) and 4,4'-methylenebis (N,N-dimethylaniline) (MDMA). In the presence of HCl, DMA was quantitatively oxidized to TMB. Formation mechanism of MDMA was discussed using the results of semi-empirical calculations that were PM3 and AM1. The proposed mechanism by Hand and coworker was ruled out and an alternative one is suggested as follows. DMA undergoes one-electron oxidation at the anode and gives the corresponding N,N-dimethylaniline cation (A). Aydroxy ion, instead of DMA, abstracts a proton from A and gives H2O and methyl (phenyl) aminomethyl radical (B). B reacts with DMA to give a 1-dimethylamino-4-(N-methyl-N-phenylamino) methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienyl radical (I). The radical I decomposes to N-methylaniline and a 1-dimethylamino-4-methylene-2,5-cyclohexadienyl radical (J). The radical J reacts with DMA to give a 1-dimethylamino-4-(4-dimethylaminobenzyl)-2,5-cyclohexadienyl radical (K), which is oxidized to MDMA by the anode.
feedback
Top