巻号一覧
122 巻, 8 号
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Reviews
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祐田 泰延2002 年 122 巻 8 号 p. 507-525
発行日: 2002/08/01
公開日: 2003/02/18
ジャーナル フリーThe authors' research focuses on polyuria, natriuresis, glucosuria, glycemia, and renal calcification in occupational lead poisoning and endemic fluorosis. Changes in electrolyte mobilization and in glucose metabolism and transport following the administration of lead compounds or fluoride were examined to elucidate these mechanisms. The results suggest fundamental approaches to the mechanism of aging and life style diseases. Our results show that: 1) Natriuresis and polyuria in lead poisoning and fluorosis are due to a decrease in renal Na/K-ATPase activity; 2) Renal calcification in fluorosis is due to stimulation of parathyroid function and activation of the renal phosphatidylinositol cascade; 3) Glycemia in fluorosis is due to elevation of renal and hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase activities; 4) Glusosuria in fluorosis is due to decreased renal Na/K-ATPase activity (but fluoride administered directly did not damage the renal Na/glucose cotransporter (SGLT)); 5) Renal calcification in fluorosis is due to stimulation of parathyroid function; and 6) The decrease in renal Na/K-ATPase and SGLT activities with aging and hypertension is due to a decrease in phosphorylation activity by protein kinase C (PKC) etc. (decrease in PKC productivity with aging and hypertension).
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渡部 烈, 小倉 健一郎, 西山 貴仁2002 年 122 巻 8 号 p. 527-535
発行日: 2002/08/01
公開日: 2003/02/18
ジャーナル フリーIn 1993, there were 18 acute deaths in Japanese patients who had the viral disease herpes zoster and were treated with the new antiviral drug sorivudine (SRV, 1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-(E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)uracil). All the dead patients had received a 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) prodrug as anticancer chemotherapy concomitant with SRV administra-tion. Studies on toxicokinetics in rats and on hepatic dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), a rate-limiting enzyme for 5-FU catabolism in rats and humans, strongly suggested that in the patients who received both SRV and the 5-FU prodrug, tissue levels of highly toxic 5-FU markedly increased as a result of irreversible inactivation of DPD in the presence of NADPH by 5-(2-bromovinyl)uracil (BVU), a metabolite formed from SRV by gut flora in rats and humans. Recombinant human (h) DPD was also irreversibly inactivated by [14C]BVU in the presence of NADPH. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of radioactive tryptic fragments from the radiolabeled and inactivated hDPD demonstrated that a Cys residue located at position 671 in the pyrimidine-binding domain of hDPD was modified with an allyl bromide type of reactive metabolite, dihydro-BVU. Thus artificial DPD deficiency caused by BVU from SRV led to patient deaths when coadministered with the 5-FU prodrug. Human population studies using healthy volunteers have demonstrated that there are poor and extensive 5-FU metabolizers who have very low and high DPD activities, respectively. Administration of a clinical dose of 5-FU or its prodrug to poor 5-FU metabolizers may cause death unless DPD activity is determined using their peripheral blood mononuclear cells prior to the administration of the anticancer drug.
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井本 泰治2002 年 122 巻 8 号 p. 537-546
発行日: 2002/08/01
公開日: 2003/02/18
ジャーナル フリーThis paper reviews the results of basic research conducted by the author's group to determine appropriate methods to develop protein-based drugs. These include production strategies, elucidation of physiologic function, improving existing pharmaceuticals, de novo design, and protein reconstruction. The antigenicity of modified proteins and methods to induce antigenic protein tolerance are also described.
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高橋 典子2002 年 122 巻 8 号 p. 547-563
発行日: 2002/08/01
公開日: 2003/02/18
ジャーナル フリーCell differentiation is essential for normal growth and homeostasis, and drug-induced differentiation of tumor cells into benign or normal cells is an important approach for anticancer chemotherapy. Studies of induction mechanisms for cell differentiation and discovery of differentiation-inducing factors are thus critical components of drug development. The Screening of differentiation-inducing factors, such as purified aldehyde reductase, a xenobiotic metabolite enzyme, that induces differentiation of human acute myeloid leukemia HL60 cells into monocyte/macrophage cells is described. Mechanisms of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation are also covered. RA is a potent inducer of HL60 cell differentiation and when used as a sole agent it can induce complete remission in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). While one mechanism of the effect of RA involves RA nuclear receptors, retinoylation (a posttranslational modification of proteins by RA) may be a new nongenomic mechanism by which RA acts on cells. An early event in RA-induced differentiation may be retinoylation of RIIα (regulatory subunits of cAMP-dependent protein kinase), in which RIIα units are retinoylated and the retinoylated RIIα is then translocated to the nucleus. Drugs can also be combined with RA in RA-differentiation therapy. Cytodifferation therapy by RA in APL patients exhibits limitations due to the resistance of relapsed patients to further RA treatment. This may occur through the induction of expression of various genes that reduce RA blood concentrations. Treatment with combinations of RA and other agents may be one way to reduce induction of those genes. Good candidates for such agents include cAMP-elevating agents, retinoids, steroids, and fatty acids that synergistically induce differentiation of HL60 cells. Two derivatives of falconensone A, falconensone A p-bromophenylhydrazone, which has a bromophenyl residue, and falconensone A dioxime, which possesses a hydroxy residue, were synthesized to incorporate features of RA and N-[4-hydroxyphenyl]retinamide. Both derivatives have exhibited more potent biological activity than the parent falconensone A in vitro and in vivo.
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木下 真理子2002 年 122 巻 8 号 p. 565-572
発行日: 2002/08/01
公開日: 2003/02/18
ジャーナル フリーG-protein-mediated inhibition of presynaptic voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels is comprised of voltage-dependent and -resistant components. The former is caused by a direct interaction of Ca2+ channel α1 subunits with Gβγ, whereas the latter has not been well characterized. Here, we show that the N-terminus of Gαo is critical for the interaction with the C-terminus of the P/Q-type channel subunit, and that the binding induces voltage-resistant inhibition. A P/Q-type C-terminal peptide, an antiserum raised against the Gαo N-terminus, and a Gαo N-terminal peptide all attenuated the voltage-resistant inhibition of P/Q-type currents. Furthermore, the N-terminus of Gαo bound to the C-terminus of α1A in vitro, which was prevented either by the P/Q-type channel C-terminal or Gαo N-terminal peptide. Although the C-terminal domain of the N-type channel showed similar ability to binding with Gαo N-terminus, the above-mentioned treatments were ineffective in the N-type channel current. These findings demonstrate that the voltage-resistant inhibition of the P/Q-type channel is caused by the interaction between the C-terminal domain of the Ca2+ channel α1A subunit and the N-terminal region of Gαo.
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Regular Articles
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田中 昌代, 折井 孝男, 河合 典子, 近藤 芳子2002 年 122 巻 8 号 p. 573-578
発行日: 2002/08/01
公開日: 2003/02/18
ジャーナル フリーA respective rank problem solution worksheet was developed focusing on problem solution in training in pharmaceutical management. How the training influenced the instructions given to patients was then evaluated in two pharmacists in the NTT East Kanto Medical Center and three in an Ofuna central hospital. After the five pharmacists underwent the training, the records of 10 medication instructions to patients given by each before and after the training were compared. The records were analyzed based on a point calculation table, and the number of acquisition points was computed. The acquisition points increased significantly after training for all five pharmacists, from a mean of 3.56 before training to a mean of 8.34 after training. Although the acquisition points related to patient education were high, those for intervention during therapeutic monitoring, such as for adverse drug reaction or the selection of appropriate pharmaceuticals were acceptable, increasing to a mean 8.4 items after training compared with 4.4 items before. The respective rank problem solution worksheet is therefore considered useful in improving the quality of training pharmaceutical management.
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Notes
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池田 博昭, 佐和 章弘, 佐藤 英治, 向井 良, 木村 康浩, 木平 健治2002 年 122 巻 8 号 p. 579-584
発行日: 2002/08/01
公開日: 2003/02/18
ジャーナル フリーA questionnaire survey for medical practitioners was conducted to clarify their basic awareness and concepts of risk management. One hundred and sixty-three medical practitioners participated in the fourth. Chugoku Yakugaku Kenkyukai. More than 50% of the participants (n =83, aged 39.7±10.8 years) answered correctly questions about the awareness of risk management and the existence of a risk management committee in their medical institution. All of those survey participants had experienced common risk managements incidents (approximately 12times/year) during working hours.
When multivariate statistical analysis was performed on the survey results, the factors influencing the presence of a risk management committee in a medical institution were a system for the submission of incident reports, the number of beds, and the presence of a person assigned to manage risk. The analysis showed that in a number of cases medical institutions did not have a system for incident reports and did not appoint risk management staff. Moreover, the analysis showed that factors influencing the presence of a risk management committee were staff age, experience in submitting incident reports, and participation of the top executive in the operation of the risk management committee. Participants younger than 40 years of age were dissatisfied with the reporting system of risk management committees those older. The younger group usually reported incidents to those older than 40 years of age, who only accepted the reports and did not submit them to the risk management committee.
In conclusion, our results suggest that in a risk management program it is important to establish a committee and a system for the submission of incident reports. Incident reports should not only include expressions of regret for medication errors but also propose a plan for improvement.
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福岡 憲泰, 森田 修之, 濱谷 舟, 岡田 仁, 近藤 眞弓, 今井 正, 大西 鐘壽, 伊藤 進2002 年 122 巻 8 号 p. 585-588
発行日: 2002/08/01
公開日: 2003/02/18
ジャーナル フリーThe purpose of this study was to increase the amount of copper excreted resulting from the administration of D-penicillamine(DP) in pediatric Wilson's disease(WD) patients. By measuring the urinary copper excretion after adjusting the administration schedules, the appropriate timing for DP administration was investigated. The subjects were three brothers with pediatric WD. The initial daily dose of DP was 5mg/kg/day, and gradual1y increased to the maintenance dose of 20mg/kg/day. Until the maintenance daily dose was reached, DP was administered 2h after the morning and evening meal. After reaching the maintenance daily dose of DP, the appropriate timing for taking DP was investigated in both the morning and evening. Three schedules of DP administration were compared: 2h after meals; 30min before meals (with fasting); and 1h before the morning and l.5 before the evening meal (direction 1). The resulting urinary copper excretion on each dosing schedule was compared. Little difference was found in urinary copper excretion on the first two schedules, i. e., 2h after meals and 30min before meals. When DP was administered 30min before meals, urinary copper excretion [μg/day] was 1173 in the first brother, 918 in the second, and 875 in the third. When DP was administered according to direction 1, however, urinary copper excretion was increased significantly to 1701 in the first brother, 2701 in the second, and 3808 in the third. It is known that the efficiency of urinary copper excretion with DP administration depends on the maintenance of chelating ability after absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Our results indicate that the excretion was lower when DP was administered 2h after or 30min before meals (with fasting), as recommended in the package insert. Thus to achieve better copper excretion efficiency, direction 1 is recommended for WD patients.
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大谷 道輝, 小瀧 一, 假家 悟, 内野 克喜, 伊賀 立二2002 年 122 巻 8 号 p. 589-594
発行日: 2002/08/01
公開日: 2003/02/18
ジャーナル フリーYucatan hairless micropig (YHMP) skin has been shown to have histologi and physiologic properties similar to human skin. To assess the relationship between the permeability of corticosteroid ointments and five types of commonly used admixtures of corticosteroid through hairless mice (HM) or YHMP skin and the clinical effects in humans, we conducte by in vitro experiments using HM and YHMP skin. The permeability of corticosteroid in admixtures with urea or heparinoid ointments across HM or YHMP skin was 1.5-4-fold greater than that of corticosteroid ointments alone. HM skin was found to have faster permeability than YHMP skin, but otherwise was similar to YHMP skin. These experiments demonstrated a close relationship between the permeability of HM or YHMP skin and vasoconstrictor activity in humans. These results suggest that the in vitro permeability of corticosteroid measurements across HM skin could be a useful, rapid, and easy method for assessing the vasoconstrictor activity of topical corticosteroids and the admixtures of commercially available ointments and/or creams in humans.
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Articles
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(偏光顕微鏡による結晶性医薬品の研究第19報)渡邉 厚2002 年 122 巻 8 号 p. 595-606
発行日: 2002/08/01
公開日: 2003/02/18
ジャーナル フリーIt was clarified in previous report that the predominant faces of crystal habits mainly coincide with the morphologic crystal face at (001), (010), or (100), and therefore the two measurable key refractive indices are closely related to the principal sections of the two axial wave surfaces and coincide with the one or two of the three principal refractive indices. The three principal refractive indices of biaxial crystalline drugs were measured and tabulated in the “General Information” section of the National Formulary compiled by the American Pharmaceutical Association. A series of studies was conducted to measure the key refractive indices of the crystalline drugs listed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia X or XI so that the data could be used to improve the quantitative analysis of their crystal habits. The purpose of the present study was to examine data on both the key and principal refractive indices and attempt to produce a general authorized table of optic crystallographic characteristics, including crystal habits, for simpler and more reliable polarizing microscopy studies.
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