YAKUGAKU ZASSHI
Online ISSN : 1347-5231
Print ISSN : 0031-6903
ISSN-L : 0031-6903
135 巻, 4 号
選択された号の論文の13件中1~13を表示しています
誌上シンポジウム
  • 桜井 弘, 小谷 明
    2015 年 135 巻 4 号 p. 543-544
    発行日: 2015/04/01
    公開日: 2015/04/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 松村 謙二
    2015 年 135 巻 4 号 p. 545-549
    発行日: 2015/04/01
    公開日: 2015/04/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      The control of the serum phosphorus (P) level in chronic kidney disease patients is important because elevated serum P levels are associated with progression of vascular calcification and increased mortality in these patients. In 2014, a novel phosphate binder, ferric citrate hydrate (Riona®), became available for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in Japan, the first country to approve this medication. Ferric citrate hydrate, which relies upon the potent phosphate-binding capacity of ferric iron, inhibits P absorption by forming complexes between ferric iron and dietary phosphate in the gut. The active pharmaceutical ingredient in ferric citrate hydrate provides a larger specific surface area and higher water solubility; therefore, it is expected to have greater efficacy in terms of its phosphate-binding capacity. In clinical trials, ferric citrate hydrate significantly reduced the serum phosphate level and effectively maintained serum P concentrations throughout the duration of the trials. Moreover, in one clinical trial, ferric citrate hydrate significantly decreased levels of fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) in nondialysis patients. FGF-23 is an endocrine hormone that increases urinary phosphate excretion to maintain serum P at the proper level. A portion of the iron from ferric citrate hydrate is absorbed and transported throughout the body as transferrin-bound iron, where it is used for the synthesis of hemoglobin, enzymes, and others. Although safer and more effective phosphate binders are expected in the future, ferric citrate hydrate will become a new approach for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia.
  • 佐治 英郎
    2015 年 135 巻 4 号 p. 551-556
    発行日: 2015/04/01
    公開日: 2015/04/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      Radioisotopes emit radiation with various characteristics. These characteristics have been used for various applications of radioisotopes in clinical fields. For example, diagnostic nuclear medicine is a technique that uses gamma-emitted radionuclides with high permeability into the body and can visualize changes in physiological and biochemical processes throughout the distributed and interrelated systems of living tissues and organs. Therapeutic nuclear medicine is a technique that uses beta-emitted radionuclides with high radiation damage to the cell and can be used for internal radiation therapy. Therefore, a strategy in which the same ligand is labeled with beta-emitted or gamma-emitted radioisotopes, i.e., a theranostics approach, is useful because an extensive availability of diagnostics and therapeutics is possible. In this presentation, some examples of a theranostics approach for radiolabeled compounds will be reported, including the results of our recent research.
  • 大町 康
    2015 年 135 巻 4 号 p. 557-563
    発行日: 2015/04/01
    公開日: 2015/04/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      When radionuclides are accidentally ingested or inhaled, blood circulation or tissue/organ deposition of the radionuclides causes systemic or local radiation effects. In such cases, decorporation therapy is used to reduce the health risks due to their intake. Decorporation therapy includes reduction and/or inhibition of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, isotopic dilution, and the use of diuretics, adsorbents, and chelating agents. For example, penicillamine is recommended as a chelating agent for copper contamination, and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid is approved for the treatment of internal contamination with plutonium. During chelation therapy, the removal effect of the drugs should be monitored using a whole-body counter and/or bioassay. Some authorities, such as the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements and International Atomic Energy Agency, have reported recommended decorporation agents for each radionuclide. However, few drugs are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, and many are off-label-use agents. Because many decontamination agents are drugs that have been available for a long time and have limited efficacy, the development of new, higher-efficacy drugs has been carried out mainly in the USA and France. In this article, in addition to an outline of decorporation agents for internal radioactive contamination, an outline of our research on decorporation agents for actinide (uranium and plutonium) contamination and for radio-cesium contamination is also presented.
  • 山田 久陽
    2015 年 135 巻 4 号 p. 565-566
    発行日: 2015/04/01
    公開日: 2015/04/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 池田 敏彦
    2015 年 135 巻 4 号 p. 567-578
    発行日: 2015/04/01
    公開日: 2015/04/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      Animal experiments cannot predict the probability of idiosyncratic drug toxicity; consequently, an important goal of the pharmaceutical industry is to develop a new methodology for preventing this form of drug reaction. Although the mechanism remains unclear, immune reactions are likely involved in the toxic processes underlying idiosyncratic drug toxicity: the drug is first activated into a chemically reactive metabolite that binds covalently to proteins and then acts as an immunogen. Therefore, screening tests to detect chemically reactive metabolites are conducted early during drug development and typically involve trapping with glutathione. More quantitative methods are then used in a later stage of drug development and frequently employ 14Cor 3H-labeled compounds. It has recently been demonstrated that a zone classification system can be used to separate risky drugs from likely safe drugs: by plotting the amount of each protein-bound reactive metabolite in vitro against the dose levels in vivo, the risk associated with each drug candidate can be assessed. A mechanism for idiosyncratic drug-induced hepatotoxicity was proposed by analogy to virus-induced hepatitis, in which cytotoxic T lymphocytes play an important role. This mechanism suggests that polymorphism in human leukocyte antigens is involved in idiosyncrasy, and a strong correlation with a specific genotype of human leukocyte antigens has been found in many cases of idiosyncratic drug toxicity. Therefore, gene biomarkers hold promise for reducing the clinical risk and prolonging the life cycle of otherwise useful drugs.
  • 織田 進吾, 横井 毅
    2015 年 135 巻 4 号 p. 579-588
    発行日: 2015/04/01
    公開日: 2015/04/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of leading causes of attrition during both early and late stages of drug development and postmarketing. DILI is generally classified into the intrinsic and idiosyncratic types. Intrinsic DILI is dose dependent and predictable as exemplified by acetaminophen toxicity. However, the occurrence of idiosyncratic DILI with very low incidence and severe liver damage is difficult to predict because of the complex nature of DILI and poor understanding of its mechanism. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and our accumulated experimental findings on the pathogenic mechanisms of DILI focusing on the reactive metabolites of drugs formed by drug-metabolizing enzymes and immune- and inflammation-related responses. Considering drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, we have established nonclinical animal models of DILI for 10 types of clinical drug known to cause idiosyncratic DILI in humans. Using animal models, it has been shown that the formation of reactive metabolites and both innate and adaptive immunity are involved in the pathogenesis of drug hepatotoxicity. Based on information on biomarkers obtained from animal models, we developed a cell-based system that predicts the potential DILI risks of drugs. The results of these studies increased our understanding of the mechanisms of DILI and help to predict and prevent idiosyncratic DILI caused by drug candidates.
  • 斎藤 嘉朗, 児玉 進, 杉山 永見子, 中村 亮介
    2015 年 135 巻 4 号 p. 589-595
    発行日: 2015/04/01
    公開日: 2015/04/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      Severe adverse drug reactions are an important issue to be considered during proper drug usage in postmarketing period. Most severe adverse reactions are idiosyncratic and unrelated to their pharmacological actions via primary targets. Although these reactions were not predictable, recent developments in the field of genomics have revealed closely associated markers responsible for some severe adverse reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). This review demonstrates genomic biomarkers for SJS/TEN and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) that were found mainly in Japanese patients and reveal ethnic differences. We and other groups have found the following associations of SJS/TEN with susceptible drugs: 1) HLA-B*58:01 for allopurinol-related cases; 2) HLA-B*15:11 and HLA-A*31:01 for carbamazepine-related cases; 3) HLA-B*51:01 for phenobarbital-related cases; 4) HLA-A*02:07 for zonisamide-related cases; 5) CYP2C9*3 for phenytoin-related cases; and 6) HLA-A*02:06 for cold medicine-related cases. The allele frequencies of these related HLA types vary among Asian populations. In addition, direct (noncovalent) binding of carbamazepine or an allopurinol metabolite, oxypurinol, to the associated HLA-type proteins was suggested. Associated genomic biomarkers are also summarized for DILI in Japanese and Caucasian populations. The application of these genomic biomarkers to prevent the onset of a reaction has been utilized in a few countries. However, in Japan, the package inserts only contain precautions that cite the research findings. To overcome this limitation, the following points should be addressed: 1) factors responsible for the development of SJS/TEN should be identified in addition to the above-mentioned HLA alleles; and 2) an inexpensive genotyping strategy and assay methods should be developed to provide a pharmacoeconomical viewpoint. Further research on severe adverse reactions is warranted.
総説
  • 津田 正明
    2015 年 135 巻 4 号 p. 597-617
    発行日: 2015/04/01
    公開日: 2015/04/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      My former research focused on silk fibroin gene transcription. The in vivo transcription initiation site of the fibroin gene, which is similar to the site corresponding to the 5′-terminal of mature fibroin mRNA, was determined. By developing a cell-free transcription system prepared from silk glands, it was found that the upstream region of the fibroin gene is responsible for efficient transcription initiation, which has enhancer-like features. More recent research has switched my focus to cellular neurobiology to understand the molecular mechanisms of long-term memory at the level of gene expression in terms of cell differentiation. I first developed an experimental system to analyze promoter activity in primary cultured neuronal cells. Particularly focusing on the transcription regulation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene (Bdnf), I found that the interaction of the cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) with the CRE sequence is important for the activity-dependent activation of the Bdnf promoter. In addition, this activity-dependent transcriptional regulation occurs in cultured neurons stimulated with excitatory GABAergic inputs, which plays a critical role in promoting the step of neuronal differentiation. Finally, I found that stimulation of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) effectively activates Bdnf promoter IV through selective activation of the calcineurin pathway, irrespective of the type of GPCR if the protein kinase A or C pathway is activated. This induction mechanism appears important to understand intracellular mechanisms evoked via simultaneous neurotransmission of excitatory and modulatory inputs into neurons of the brain.
  • 川上 純一
    2015 年 135 巻 4 号 p. 619-624
    発行日: 2015/04/01
    公開日: 2015/04/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      In this review, optimization of individualized analgesic therapy in cancer-pain patients (1), pharmacoepidemiological studies using a hospital database (DB) (2), and other clinical and practical research studies (3) were summarized. (1) The aim of the analgesic study was to evaluate individual factors in the effects of pain-relief, and ADR of analgesics from the viewpoints of clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Oxycodone, fentanyl, and gabapentin were used. For the dose escalation and ADR of oxycodone, the plasma disposition of noroxycodone regulated by CYP3A5 polymorphisms and cancer cachexia were found to be individual factors. The ADR and clinical response of fentanyl were affected by polymorphisms of CYP3A5 and ABCB1. In the pharmacokinetics of gabapentin, concomitant magnesium oxide reduced the intestinal absorption of gabapentin. (2) The aim of the DB study was to demonstrate a pharmacoepidemiological advantage using a hospital DB of a million-scale for post-marketing safety management. We tried to detect fluoroquinolone (FQ)-induced tendon disorders, because its risk ratio in Japan has not been clarified. The risk of a tendon disorder in FQ-prescribed patients was 0.082% (95%CI: 0.049-0.137%), and significantly higher than that in cephalosporin-prescribed patients. The risk ratio in FQ-prescribed patients in relation to cephalosporin-prescribed patients was 6.29 (95%CI: 2.27-17.46). (3) Individual variation of plasma exposure of free linezolid and its ratio to minimum inhibitory concentration in critically ill patients, as well as three other studies, were described. In conclusion, our achievement in accurately assessing these would contribute to medication safety and the appropriate use of medicines in clinical settings.
  • 神谷 誠太郎
    2015 年 135 巻 4 号 p. 625-630
    発行日: 2015/04/01
    公開日: 2015/04/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      The importance of nanoparticle formulation is increasingly recognized in supporting pharmaceutical development. Thus, maintaining nanoparticles in a constant state is a major issue. A method involving lyophilization with the addition of saccharides can be used to maintain the steady state of nanoparticles. In this study, trisaccharides, tetrasaccharides, and pentasaccharides were added to nanoparticle suspensions, followed by rehydration of the samples, which had been either dried normally or freeze-dried. The particle size after rehydration was measured. In addition, each powder was measured using a powder X-ray diffractometer and thermal analysis device to investigate the correlation between the nanoparticles' aggregation and the crystal form of saccharides. The diameter of the nanoparticles was maintained when it was freeze-dried, while particle aggregation occurred when normally dried samples were used. In addition, crystalline saccharide was not observed in the freeze-dried group, but did appear in the normally dried group.
一般論文
  • 佐藤 芳樹, 菅谷 なえ子, 中川 友夫, 森田 昌敏
    2015 年 135 巻 4 号 p. 631-642
    発行日: 2015/04/01
    公開日: 2015/04/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      We established an analytical method for the detection of seven phthalates, dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate (DEP), benzyl butyl phthalate, di-i-butyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), and di-n-octhyl phthalate, using an ultra high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a photodiode array detector. This method is quick, with minimal contamination, and was applied to the analysis of aromatic and deodorant aerosol products. Phthalates were detected in 15 of 52 samples purchased from 1999 to 2012 in Yokohama. Three types of phthalate (DEP, DBP, DEHP) were detected, and their concentrations ranged from 0.0085-0.23% DEP in nine samples, 0.012-0.045% DBP in four samples, and 0.012-0.033% DEHP in four samples. No other phthalate esters were detected. Furthermore, we estimated phthalate exposure via breathing in commonly used aromatic and deodorant aerosol products, then evaluated the associated risk. The estimated levels of phthalate exposure were lower than the tolerated daily limit, but the results indicated that aromatic and deodorant aerosol products could be a significant source of phthalate exposure.
ノート
  • 後藤 英和, 富田 隆, 道喜 将太郎, 中西 利恵, 小島 千賀子, 米島 美穂子, 吉田 正, 田中 勝也, 幸田 幸直
    2015 年 135 巻 4 号 p. 643-646
    発行日: 2015/04/01
    公開日: 2015/04/01
    ジャーナル フリー
      We report a patient with elevated serum lithium concentration caused by switching from parenteral nutrition alone to parenteral with enteral nutrition. A 73-year-old female inpatient was treated with lithium carbonate 600 mg/d for manic episodes of bipolar disorder. Her serum lithium level was maintained at 0.57-0.79 mEq/L. She was administered total parenteral nutrition owing to difficulty in oral intake. Her diet contained 4.8-5.8 g/d of sodium chloride. After this, parenteral with enteral nutrition was initiated. The total sodium chloride intake decreased from 6.3 to 3.0-4.0 g/d following this change. On day 15 after initiation of parenteral with enteral nutrition, her serum lithium level increased to 1.17 mEq/L, which is closer to the upper therapeutic range limit. Therefore enteral nutrition was stopped immediately, and an electrolyte solution was administered instead of enteral nutrition. An antibiotic agent was also simultaneously administered because of infection. The total amount of sodium chloride administered was increased to 7.0 g/d during this treatment. Four days after treatment, the serum lithium level returned to 0.57 mEq/L. This case suggests that administration of appropriate sodium chloride nutrition is important during treatment with lithium carbonate, because disposition of lithium ion is paralleled to that of sodium.
feedback
Top