YAKUGAKU ZASSHI
Online ISSN : 1347-5231
Print ISSN : 0031-6903
ISSN-L : 0031-6903
137 巻, 1 号
選択された号の論文の17件中1~17を表示しています
誌上シンポジウム
  • 寺町 ひとみ, 重山 昌人
    2017 年 137 巻 1 号 p. 1-2
    発行日: 2017/01/01
    公開日: 2017/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 舘 知也, 野口 義紘, 寺町 ひとみ
    2017 年 137 巻 1 号 p. 3-8
    発行日: 2017/01/01
    公開日: 2017/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
     The clinical professors at Gifu Pharmaceutical University (GPU) provide pharmaceutical services at GPU Pharmacy, Gifu University Hospital, and Gifu Municipal Hospital to keep their clinical skills up-to-date; they also perform clinical research in collaboration with many clinical institutes. The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy is part of the Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, to which the clinical professors belong, and is composed of three clinical professors (a professor, an associate professor, and an assistant professor). The professor administers the GPU Pharmacy as its director, while the associate professor and assistant professor provide pharmaceutical services to patients at Gifu Municipal Hospital, and also provide practical training for students in the GPU Pharmacy. Collectively, they have performed research on such topics as medication education for students, clinical communication education, and analysis of clinical big data. They have also conducted research in collaboration with clinical institutes, hospitals, and pharmacies. Here, we introduce the collaborative research between the Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Gifu Municipal Hospital. These studies include “Risk factors contributing to urinary protein expression resulting from bevacizumab combination chemotherapy”, “Hyponatremia and hypokalemia as risk factors for falls”, “Economic evaluation of adjustments of levofloxacin dosage by dispensing pharmacists for patients with renal dysfunction”, and “Effect of patient education upon discharge for use of a medication notebook on purchasing over-the-counter drugs and health foods”. In this symposium, we would like to demonstrate one model of the association and collaborative research between these clinical professors and clinical institutes.
  • 石﨑 純子
    2017 年 137 巻 1 号 p. 9-12
    発行日: 2017/01/01
    公開日: 2017/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
     Professors and teaching staff in the field of pharmaceutical sciences should devote themselves to staying abreast of relevant education and research. Similarly those in clinical pharmacies should contribute to the advancement of pharmaceutical research and the development of next generation pharmacists and pharmaceuticals. It is thought that those who work in clinical pharmacies should improve their own skills and expertise in problem-finding and -solving, i.e., “clinical skills”. They should be keen to learn new standard treatments based on the latest drug information, and should try to be in a position where collecting clinical information is readily possible. In the case of pharmacists in hospitals and pharmacies, they are able to aim at improving their clinical skills simply through performing their pharmaceutical duties. On the other hand, when a pharmaceutical educator aims to improve clinical skills at a level comparable to those of clinical pharmacists, it is necessary to devote or set aside considerable time for pharmacist duties, in addition to teaching, which may result in a shortage of time for hands-on clinical practice and/or in a decline in the quality of education and research. This could be a nightmare for teaching staff in clinical pharmacy who aim to take part in such activities. Nonetheless, I believe that teaching staff in the clinical pharmacy area could improve his/her clinical skills through actively engaging in education and research. In this review, I would like to introduce topics on such possibilities from my own experiences.
  • 名徳 倫明
    2017 年 137 巻 1 号 p. 13-16
    発行日: 2017/01/01
    公開日: 2017/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
     To respond to advancements in medical techniques, and to address the separation of medical and dispensary practices, clinical professors are required to educate human resource staff to become highly-skilled pharmacists. For this purpose, it is extremely important for these professors to learn about cutting-edge practical skills and knowledge, as well as to advance their expertise. In addition, they need to conduct clinical research in cooperation with relevant facilities. As our university does not have its own hospital or pharmacy, it is important to provide training for clinical professors in clinical facilities. Such training mainly involves medical teams' in-hospital rounds and participation in conferences (nutrition support team; NST), operation of the pharmacy department, and intervention targeting improvement in the department's duties. We have conducted collaborative studies, provided research instructions, implemented studies aimed at improving the department's work (pharmacists appointed on wards at all times to ensure medical safety) as well as studies regarding team medical care (nutritional evaluation during outpatient chemotherapy), and resolved issues regarding this work (drug solution mixability in a hand-held constant infusion pump, and a safe pump-filling methods). Thus, it has become possible to keep track of the current state of a pharmacists' work within team medical care, to access information about novel drugs, to view clinical and prescription-claim data, to cooperate with other professionals (e.g., doctors and nurses), to promote pharmacists' self-awareness of their roles in cooperative medical practice, and to effectively maintain the hospital's clinical settings.
  • 重山 昌人, 田口 真穂, 山本 浩充
    2017 年 137 巻 1 号 p. 17-22
    発行日: 2017/01/01
    公開日: 2017/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
     In clinical environments, difficulty in the uniform preparation of Mohs paste has been noted, due to variations in its physical properties, and despite preparations being based on the same prescriptions. Therefore, studies have been conducted to clarify the physicochemical phenomena influencing such variations, and then to develop a prescription design that will improve the usability of this product through the use of additives with sufficient safety, thereby addressing the above-mentioned demerit. An improved form of Mohs paste, not containing the starch that is responsible for the variations in physical properties, was developed in consideration of appropriate bases, and its pharmacological mechanisms were examined, with a focus on its hemostatic effects. Furthermore, clinical training regarding reliably consistent Mohs paste preparation was provided in medical institutions performing collaborative drug therapy management (CDTM).
総説
  • 小坂田 文隆
    2017 年 137 巻 1 号 p. 23-29
    発行日: 2017/01/01
    公開日: 2017/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
     Since the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generation, much progress has been made in the fields of medical and pharmaceutical research, such as cell transplantation therapy. We have generated retinal cells and tissues, including retinal pigment epithelia (RPE), from human iPSCs. The ability to produce iPSCs from patients allows for autologous transplantation without causing immune rejection. The autologous transplantation of iPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelial sheets to a patient with age-related macular degeneration was carried out in Japan in 2014 as a first-in-human clinical study. Biotechnology has enabled the development of a wide range of drugs, including cell-based drugs. We are currently developing iPSC-derived RPE sheets as next-generation cell-based drugs aimed at allogeneic transplantation utilizing iPSC banks of homozygotes of human leukocyte antigen at 3 loci. Regulatory science concerning cellular and tissue-based products is a vital matter associated with the realization of regenerative medicine. Here we review the most recent progress in retinal regeneration and drug development, as well as its future prospects.
  • 藤井 晋也
    2017 年 137 巻 1 号 p. 31-41
    発行日: 2017/01/01
    公開日: 2017/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
     Hydrophobic interaction, as well as polar interactions such as hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction, plays an essential role in the interaction between biologically active compounds and their target molecules. Therefore, the application of novel hydrophobic structures other than simple hydrocarbons or aromatic rings is expected to be useful in the development of biologically active compounds with distinctive chemical and pharmacological properties. In this study, we developed various bioactive compounds bearing a boron cluster, silicon-containing or germanium-containing functionalities as novel hydrophobic structures. Regarding the boron cluster-based compounds, we developed highly potent nonsteroidal androgen receptor (AR) antagonists, progesterone receptor (PR) antagonists, and non-secosteroidal vitamin D receptor (VDR) agonists. Regarding the Group 14 elements, we systematically determined hydrophobicity parameters of various trialylmethyl, trialkylsilyl and trialkylgermyl substituents, and revealed that silicon and germanium containing compounds exhibited higher hydrophobicity than the corresponding carbon analogues, with a difference in log P value of approximately 0.6, independent of the alkyl species. We also revealed that sila- and germa-substitution of carbon could enhance their biological activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that silyl substructures could function as mimetics of cis-diatomic substructures. These results are expected to expand the chemical space of hydrophobic pharmacophores and thus contribute to the development of novel and distinctive drug candidates.
  • 清水 広介
    2017 年 137 巻 1 号 p. 43-48
    発行日: 2017/01/01
    公開日: 2017/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
     Drug delivery systems (DDS) are based on the concept of providing the optimal amount of a drug to a specific area requiring treatment. Liposomes are lipid-based nanoparticles capable of encapsulating any drug into both their membrane and aqueous phases. They have the potential to be targeted when their surfaces are modified with functional molecules such as antibodies and peptides. Thus, liposomes have strong potential as drug carriers if designed for active targeting. Our research group has recently developed a new concept for liposome targeting called “reverse targeting DDS (RT-DDS)”. RT-DDS differs from conventional active targeting in that the surface of the liposomes is modified with an antigenic molecule that is specifically recognized by antigen-specific immune cells. This review describes in detail the differences between these two DDS targeting concepts and proposes the application of RT-DDS to the treatment of allergies based on research using ovalbumin as a model allergy antigen.
  • 藤井 正徳
    2017 年 137 巻 1 号 p. 49-54
    発行日: 2017/01/01
    公開日: 2017/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
     Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common pruritic chronic skin disease. AD pathogenesis remains elusive, but may involve complex interplays among skin barrier dysfunction, Th2 inflammation, and pruritus. Current treatments for AD are still limited to symptomatic therapies. We previously showed that HR-1 hairless mice fed a special diet (HR-AD) develop AD-like symptoms; however, the ingredient(s) causing dermatitis remain unclear. In this study, we examined whether the deficiency of certain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was involved in the diet-induced AD pathogenesis. In the serum of HR-AD-fed mice, levels of linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), as well as their metabolites, were markedly decreased. HR-AD-induced AD symptoms were significantly ameliorated by LA supplementation, and to a lesser extent by ALA supplementation. In addition, LA metabolites, such as γ-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid, had effects similar to those of LA. Further, using semi-purified custom diets, we attempted to reproduce HR-AD-induced AD symptoms. Unexpectedly, a deficiency in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) alone caused mild symptoms. However, several modifications of fat and carbohydrate components in the diet revealed that dietary deficiencies of UFA and cornstarch were required to fully induce severe AD symptoms. Furthermore, we examined the influence of genetic background on the development of diet-induced AD and found that a hypomorphic mutation in the hairless gene Hr, encoding a nuclear receptor (NR) corepressor, was essential for the complete development of diet-induced pruritic atopic skin. Thus, our findings suggest that certain PUFAs and NRs are new, potential therapeutic targets for treating AD.
  • 佐野 紘平
    2017 年 137 巻 1 号 p. 55-60
    発行日: 2017年
    公開日: 2017/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
     Molecular imaging probes that enable seamless diagnoses of tumors in the preoperative and intraoperative stages could lead to surgical resection of tumors based on highly accurate diagnoses. Because iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have high proton relaxivity and high molar extinction coefficients suitable for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and photoacoustic imaging, respectively, we planned to develop molecular imaging probes applicable to the pre- (MRI) and intraoperative (photoacoustic imaging) stages. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (EGFR2; HER2) was selected as a target molecule, and we designed IONPs (20, 50, and 100 nm) conjugated with anti-HER2 moieties [whole IgG (trastuzumab), single-chain fragment variable (scFv), and peptide] for HER2-targeted tumor imaging. Among the probes tested, scFv-conjugated IONPs (scFv-IONPs) (20 nm) exhibited the highest binding affinity to HER2 (Kd=0.01 nM). An in vivo biodistribution study using 111In-labeled probes demonstrated that more scFv-IONPs (20 nm) accumulated in HER2-positive than in HER2-negative tumors, suggesting that the uptake of scFv-IONPs is HER2 specific. The scFv-IONPs (20 nm) showed high proton relaxivity and a probe concentration-dependent photoacoustic signal. In vivo MR/photoacoustic imaging studies using scFv-IONPs (20 nm) facilitated HER2-specific visualization of tumors. Furthermore, an iron-staining study demonstrated that the uptake of scFv-IONPs was notable only in HER2-positive tumors. These results suggest that scFv-IONPs (20 nm) may be useful for MR/photoacoustic dual imaging, which could achieve seamless diagnoses in the preoperative and intraoperative stages.
  • 小林 隆信
    2017 年 137 巻 1 号 p. 61-71
    発行日: 2017/01/01
    公開日: 2017/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
     T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 2 (Tal2) is a gene encoding a member of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor family, which is essential for the normal development of the mouse brain. We found that Tal2 was induced during neural differentiation in P19 cells, which are pluripotent mouse embryonal carcinoma cells that differentiate into the neural lineage upon both exposure to all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and the formation of cell aggregation. Tal2 expression during neural differentiation in P19 cells was detected within 3 h after induction with atRA and retinoic acid receptor α (RARα). The atRA-RARα complex is known to bind to a characteristic retinoic acid response element (RARE) located in the promoter of target genes. We found a RARE-like element in the intron of Tal2. We also found a TATA-box-like element in the 5′ region. The TATA-box-like element functioned as a core promoter, and TATA- box binding protein bound to this element upstream of Tal2 in P19 cells. The RARE-like element responded to atRA signaling that activated the transcription, and RARα was bound to this element in the intron of Tal2 in P19 cells. Furthermore, the interaction between these elements on Tal2 was confirmed in a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Because the neural differentiation of P19 cells mimics in part the development of the nervous system, P19 cells are useful for studying the mechanism underlying the role of Tal2 in neural differentiation. Further work is underway to clarify the function of Tal2 in neural differentiation using the differentiation system of P19 cells.
  • 梅澤 雅和, 小野田 淳人, 武田 健
    2017 年 137 巻 1 号 p. 73-78
    発行日: 2017/01/01
    公開日: 2017/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
     The toxicity of nanoparticles (nanotoxicology) is being investigated to understand both the health impacts of atmospheric ultrafine particles—the size of which is a fraction (<0.1 μm aerodynamic diameter) of that of PM2.5 (<2.5 μm diameter)—and the safer use of engineered nanomaterials. Developmental toxicity of nanoparticles has been studied since their transfer from pregnant body to fetal circulation and offspring body was first reported. Here we reviewed the developmental toxicity of nanoparticles on the brain, one of the most important organs in maintenance of mental health and high quality of life. Recently the dose- and size-dependency of transplacental nanoparticle transfer to the fetus was reported. It is important to understand both the mechanism of direct effect of nanoparticles transferred to the fetus and offspring and the indirect effect mediated by induction of oxidative stress and inflammation in the pregnant body. Locomotor activity, learning and memory, motor coordination, and social behavior were reported as potential neurobehavioral targets of maternal nanoparticle exposure. Histopathologically, brain perivascular cells, including perivascular macrophages and surrounding astrocytes, have an important role in waste clearance from the brain parenchyma. They are potentially the most sensitive target of maternal exposure to low-dose nanoparticles. Further investigations will show the detailed mechanism of developmental toxicity of nanoparticles and preventive strategies against intended and unintended nanoparticle exposure. This knowledge will contribute to the safer design of nanoparticles through the development of sensitive and quantitative endpoints for prediction of their developmental toxicity.
一般論文
  • 山本 泰大, 渡辺 員支, 松下 宏, 築山 郁人, 松浦 克彦, 若槻 明彦
    2017 年 137 巻 1 号 p. 79-82
    発行日: 2017/01/01
    公開日: 2017/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    電子付録
     Hypomagnesemia is one side effect in patients receiving cisplatin. However, there are few reports of cisplatin-induced hypomagnesemia in Japan. We retrospectively investigated the incidence of hypomagnesemia and nephrotoxicity in patients undergoing radiation therapy who were treated with cisplatin alone (dosage: 40 mg/m2, administration interval: 1 week) for cervical cancer. Thirty-two patients undergoing radiation therapy who received cisplatin alone for cervical cancer between January 2012 and May 2016 at Aichi Medical University Hospital were included. We measured patients' serum magnesium and creatinine levels on the day before cisplatin was administered. We utilized the RIFLE criteria (categorized into “risk”, “injury”, “failure”, “loss”, and “end-stage kidney disease”) to define levels of cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, and classified cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity into “risk” or “injury”. Eighteen patients (56.3%) had cisplatin-induced hypomagnesemia, the majority of which occurred after the 4th treatment cycle. The number of patients with moderate renal dysfunction classified as “risk” in the hypomagnesemia group was not significantly higher than in the non-hypomagnesemia group (hypomagnesemia group=27.8%, non-hypomagnesemia group=7.1%; p=0.20). This survey sheds light on the incidence rates of cisplatin-induced hypomagnesemia in patients receiving cisplatin alone. We recommend monitoring the serum magnesium levels during cisplatin administration to prevent hypomagnesemia.
  • 俵口 奈穂美, 窪田 敏夫, 小林 大介, 島添 隆雄
    2017 年 137 巻 1 号 p. 83-93
    発行日: 2017/01/01
    公開日: 2017/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
     Patients who underwent total laryngectomy (TL) are limited in their access to health information and have reduced quality of life because of difficulties in communicating with health providers. Understanding the method for coping with symptoms after TL is important to self-control. However, their understanding and relief regarding the method including medicine use are not well known. In this study, we conducted a current situation survey about symptoms after TL and held medical educational lectures (ML) by pharmacists for the patients. We used one questionnaire to survey the present situation and another to evaluate the understanding and relieving about the method including medicine use for coping with four symptoms, such as constipation, insomnia, having phlegm, and skin dryness before and after ML. Most participants had one or more symptoms and felt there was a communication barrier between them and their health provider. The participants felt inadequate understanding and relief before the ML, but these were improved after ML. There was a positive correlation between the understanding and relief before ML. In conclusion, the participants might not feel relief of four symptoms because of inadequate understanding of the method including medicine use for coping with their symptoms. Grasping the current situation and medication use of patients after TL by pharmacists will be helpful for appropriate medication use.
  • 菅谷 なえ子, 佐藤 芳樹, 髙橋 美津子, 桜井 克巳, 河上 強志
    2017 年 137 巻 1 号 p. 95-109
    発行日: 2017/01/01
    公開日: 2017/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
     Twenty-four primary aromatic amines (PAAs) derived from azo colorants, which are controlled by the Act on Control of Household Products Containing Harmful Substances by the Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, aniline and 1,4-phenylendiamine were analyzed in 86 samples of 40 textile products by GC-MS. Even though these PAAs detected in the samples did not exceed the regulation value (30 μg/g), 14 kinds of PAAs were detected that exceeded the limit of quantification. 4,4′-Methylenedianiline, in amounts that exceeded the limit of quantification, was detected in 20 textile samples containing synthesis fiber (16 samples made from polyurethane, two samples made from polyester, and two samples made from acryl); however, it was not detected in natural fiber textile samples. Of these samples, 4,4′-methylenedianiline was detected in 16 out of 19 samples (84%) made from polyurethane fiber. This suggests that 4,4′-methylenedianiline is formed from polyurethane. The origin of 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine was investigated in three samples releasing more than 3 μg/g (3.9-15 μg/g) of 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine using atmospheric pressure solids analysis probe-mass spectrometry and Pigment Orange 13 was identified as the orange colorant in the textile printing parts. This result suggests that 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine detected in these three samples was generated by the reduction of Pigment Orange 13.
  • 小瀬 英司, 宇野 加菜, 林 宏行
    2017 年 137 巻 1 号 p. 111-120
    発行日: 2017/01/01
    公開日: 2017/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
     Typical antipsychotics are easily expressed as adverse events such as extrapyramidal symptom (EPS). On the other hand, incidence of adverse events due to atypical antipsychotics is low. Therefore, currently, atypical antipsychotics are widely used to treat schizophrenia. However, it has been reported that there is no difference in the frequency of EPS in atypical and typical antipsychotics. This study aimed to evaluate the expression profile of EPS in atypical and typical antipsychotics treatment using the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database. We analyzed reports of EPS in the JADER database and calculated the reporting odds ratio (ROR) of antipsychotics potentially associated with EPS. We applied the Weibull shape parameter to time-to-event data in the JADER database. Consequently, there was little information to distinguish between the ROR of atypical and typical antipsychotics. A significant difference related to the time of onset of EPS in both antipsychotics was not recognized. However, when comparing each drug, Paliperidone, Perospirone, Blonanserin, and Aripiprazole were relatively developed as EPS in the early stage. On the other hand, Risperidone, Clozapine, Olanzapine, and Quetiapine were developed as EPS not only at an early stage but also after long-term use. In addition, this finding was suggested from the result of the cumulative incidence of EPS in each drug and of the time-to-onset analysis using Weibull distribution. These findings may contribute to future clinical practice because we revealed the expression profile of EPS in treatment with atypical and typical antipsychotics.
ノート
  • 安高 勇気, 藤岡 伸助, 寺澤 真理子, 芝口 浩智, 二神 幸次郎, 合馬 慎二, 坪井 義夫, 神村 英利
    2017 年 137 巻 1 号 p. 121-125
    発行日: 2017年
    公開日: 2017/01/01
    ジャーナル フリー
     Rivastigmine patches exhibit stable effects when attached once a day, and may reduce Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient's or caregiver's burden. On the other hand, it was reported that adverse events, such as dermal disorder, frequently appeared after the start of rivastigmine administration. We retrospectively investigated medical records in 120 patients with moderate or mild AD in whom rivastigmine administration was started in the Department of Neurology, Fukuoka University Hospital between July 2011 and June 2014 (43 males, 77 females, mean age: 76.9±8.0 years). In 72 patients (60.0%), rivastigmine administration was discontinued within 52 weeks after its start. In 45 of these, it was discontinued before reaching a dose of 18 mg/d which was proven to be effective for AD patients. A primary reason for discontinuation was the appearance or deterioration of adverse events in 64 patients. Of these, 43 complained of dermal disorder, accounting for the highest percentage. To clarify factors influencing the continuous administration of rivastigmine, multivariate analysis was performed in 114 patients meeting criteria. Combination therapy with memantine was extracted as a factor (p=0.008). The results of this study suggest that adherence to combination therapy with rivastigmine and memantine is more favorable than that to monotherapy with rivastigmine.
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