YAKUGAKU ZASSHI
Online ISSN : 1347-5231
Print ISSN : 0031-6903
ISSN-L : 0031-6903
140 巻, 8 号
選択された号の論文の17件中1~17を表示しています
受賞総説
  • 緒方 文彦
    2020 年 140 巻 8 号 p. 955-960
    発行日: 2020/08/01
    公開日: 2020/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー

    A nickel-aluminium-zirconium complex-layered hydroxide (NAZ), which was synthesized using each inorganic sulfate mixing ratio of 0.9 : 1.0 : 0.1, was prepared and calcined at different temperatures. The physicochemical properties of the NAZ were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, specific surface area, number of hydroxyl groups, and pore volume. The specific surface area, number of hydroxyl groups, and pore volume of NAZ was 51.9 m2/g, 1.08 mmol/g, and 0.27 μL/g, respectively. The amount of phosphate ion adsorbed onto NAZ was higher than that onto calcined NAZ at different temperatures. Therefore, the interaction between phosphate ions and NAZ was assessed using the elemental distribution analysis and the binding energy. After adsorption, the intensity of phosphorus atoms increased, indicating that the phosphate ions were adsorbed onto the NAZ surface. Additionally, phosphorus peaks (189 eV for 2s and 130 eV for 2p), which were not detected before adsorption, were clearly detected after adsorption. On the other hand, the intensity of the sulfur peak (165 eV for 2p) decreased after adsorption. Thus, we evaluated the ion exchange between phosphate ion and sulfate ion in the interlayer space of the NAZ. As a result, the correlation coefficient between the amount of phosphate ion adsorbed and the amount of sulfate ion released was positively correlated (r=0.960). Therefore, it can be clearly stated that one of the adsorption mechanisms of phosphate ions was related to ion exchange in the interlayer space of the NAZ. These findings are useful for preventing the eutrophication and recovery of phosphate ion in water environments.

誌上シンポジウム
  • 宮本 理人, 佐藤 洋美
    2020 年 140 巻 8 号 p. 961-962
    発行日: 2020/08/01
    公開日: 2020/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 佐藤 洋美
    2020 年 140 巻 8 号 p. 963-968
    発行日: 2020/08/01
    公開日: 2020/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー

    Metabolome analysis is an approach to investigate cell characteristics from the metabolites that are constantly produced and changed by those cells. We conducted a metabolome analysis of the response of 786-O renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells to histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, which are expected to increase anticancer drug sensitivity, and compared the response with that of drug-resistant cells. Trichostatin A (TSA), an HDAC inhibitor, increased the sensitivity of 786-O cells to sunitinib. Moreover, TCA cycle and nucleotide metabolism of the cells were promoted. The findings that acetylated p53 (active form) and early apoptotic cells were increased suggests that the mechanism involved enhancement of mitochondrial metabolism and function. In addition, established sunitinib-resistant RCC cells were exposed to a combination of sunitinib and TSA, resulting in significant growth inhibition. Principal component analysis revealed that the parent and resistant cells were obviously different, but approximately half their fluctuations were illustrated by the same pathways. In summary, it was suggested that TSA reduced sunitinib resistance by triggering intracellular metabolome shifts in energy metabolism. This was the first recognized mechanism of action of TSA as an HDAC inhibitor.

  • 鈴木 崇弘, 金森 孝雄, 井上 敏
    2020 年 140 巻 8 号 p. 969-977
    発行日: 2020/08/01
    公開日: 2020/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー

    We developed a method of video-rate bioluminescence imaging to visualize proteins secreted from living cells. A protein of interest was fused to Gaussia luciferase (GLase), and the luminescence signals of secreted GLase with coelenterazine (luciferin) were visualized at a video-rate of 30-500 ms/frame by using a water-cooled EM-CCD camera. We established a subclonal rat INS-1E cell line, named iGL cells, stably expressing the fusion protein of insulin and GLase (Insulin-GLase). By stimulation with high glucose, 3D-cultured iGL cells showed synchronized oscillatory secretion of insulin for over 1 h, as similarly observed in an isolated rat pancreatic islet. In 2D-cultured iGL cells, the luminescence images indicated that synchronized insulin secretion was localized in intercellular spaces between cells. Further, the relative amount of insulin secretion from iGL cells was easily determined with a luminometer, and we demonstrated that cell-cell interaction of beta cells is fundamental to increase glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by synchronization. Thus, iGL cells would be valuable for studying oscillatory insulin secretion and evaluating anti-diabetic drugs. Our bioluminescence imaging method with GLase could be generally used for investigating protein secretion in 2D and 3D cell culture systems.

  • 杉山 栄二, 杉浦 悠毅
    2020 年 140 巻 8 号 p. 979-983
    発行日: 2020/08/01
    公開日: 2020/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー

    Monoamine neurotransmitters are released by specialized neurons that regulate behavioral and cognitive functions. Although localization of monoaminergic neurons in the brain is well known, the distribution, concentration, and kinetics of monoamines remain unclear. We used mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) for simultaneous and quantitative imaging of endogenous monoamines to generate a murine brain atlas of serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), and norepinephrine (NE) levels. We observed several nuclei rich in both 5-HT and a catecholamine (DA or NE). Additionally, we analyzed de novo monoamine synthesis or fluctuations in those nuclei. We propose that MSI is a useful tool to gain deeper understanding of associations among the localization, levels, and turnover of monoamines in different brain areas and their role in inducing behavioral changes.

  • 近藤 邦生
    2020 年 140 巻 8 号 p. 985-992
    発行日: 2020/08/01
    公開日: 2020/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー

    Central neural circuits in the brain receive and integrate environmental and internal information to enable the animals to execute appropriate behaviors and physiological responses. Communication between the brain and peripheral organs via peripheral neural circuits maintains energy homeostasis in the body. Therefore it is important to investigate the anatomical organization of central and peripheral neural circuits for elucidating the mechanisms of energy homeostasis. Transsynaptic viral tracers can travel through connected neurons via synaptic connections and have been used to delineate the anatomical organization of neural circuits with specific functions. Herein, I review our recent studies investigating neural circuits and their involvement in physiological changes using transsynaptic tracers.

  • 佐藤 守俊
    2020 年 140 巻 8 号 p. 993-1000
    発行日: 2020/08/01
    公開日: 2020/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー

    The human genome consists of more than 20000 genes and is essential for all biological phenomena. To understand these biological phenomena, including diseases, and to be able to modify them, approaches that enable optical control of the genome may be useful. Recently, we developed an optogenetic tool, named photoactivatable Cas9 (PA-Cas9). We divided Cas9 nuclease from the CRISPR-Cas9 system into two fragments and connected photo-inducible dimerization proteins, named Magnet system, to the fragments, leading to the development of PA-Cas9 of which nuclease activity is switchable with light. PA-Cas9 allows direct editing of DNA sequences by light stimulation. Additionally, we developed a light-inducible, RNA-guided programmable system for endogenous gene activation based on the CRISPR-Cas9 system. We demonstrated that this optogenetic tool allows rapid and reversible targeted gene activation by light. Using this tool, we exemplified optical control of neuronal differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The CRISPR-Cas9-based, photoactivatable transcription system offers a simple and versatile approach to precise gene activation. In addition to the CRISPR-Cas9-based optogenetic tools, we developed a photoactivatable Cre-loxP system. This tool allows optical control of DNA recombination reaction in an internal organ even by external, noninvasive illumination using LED light source. To date, genome engineering technology and optogenetics technology have emerged separately as different applications. Our studies described above merge these emerging research fields together.

  • 宮本 理人, 阿部 真治, 根本 尚夫, 土屋 浩一郎
    2020 年 140 巻 8 号 p. 1001-1006
    発行日: 2020/08/01
    公開日: 2020/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー

    Ascertaining the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) profile of drugs is one of the most crucial factors in the process of drug discovery. Since it is important to combine water solubility and cell permeability within the compound to achieve the desired ADME properties, an appropriate balance between lipophilicity and hydrophilicity is required. It is often necessary to facilitate hydrophilicity of very hydrophobic candidates, because quite lipophobic molecules are rarely hit as positive in molecular-targeted or cell-based screenings. For that purpose, it has been popular to conjugate hydrophobic molecules with polyethylene glycol (PEG). However, PEG is a polymer, and PEG-conjugated molecules are not uniform. Besides, the dosage should be much increased compared with the original molecule due to the increase in molecular weight. Therefore we have been developing alternative ways to endow hydrophobic compounds with extra hydrophilicity by conjugating with symmetrically branched glycerol oligomers. This technology is versatile and easily applicable to various hydrophobic compounds. Water-solubility of fenofibrate, one of the most hydrophobic medicines in clinical use, was facilitated by a factor of more than 2000, and its lipid-lowering effect in vivo improved more than ten-fold, by simply conjugating with branched glycerol trimer, for instance. Here we will briefly introduce the basic concepts and our successful experiences of applying branched glycerol oligomers including antitumor agents in terms of water-solubility, pharmacological effects, and pharmacokinetics, and merits and current issues will be discussed in this review.

  • 福田 達也, 小暮 健太朗
    2020 年 140 巻 8 号 p. 1007-1012
    発行日: 2020/08/01
    公開日: 2020/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー

    We previously showed that increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) after ischemic stroke enables extravasation of nano-sized liposomes and accumulation in the ischemic region, and that delivery of neuroprotective agents using liposomal drug delivery systems (DDS) is applicable for treating cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, entry of liposomes into the brain parenchyma was limited in the early stages after I/R possibly due to microvascular dysfunction induced by pathological progression. As such, new approaches to overcome the BBB are needed. Leukocytes can pass through inflamed BBB in I/R region due to membrane proteins displayed on their surface. We thus hypothesized that incorporation of leukocyte membrane proteins onto liposomal membranes would impart leukocyte-mimicking functions to liposomes and that leukocyte-mimetic liposomes (LM-Lipo) may pass through inflamed endothelial cells and BBB, similar to leukocytes. LM-Lipo prepared using intermembrane protein transfer from human leukemia cells showed significantly increased association to inflamed human umbilical vein endothelial cells relative to plain liposomes. Moreover, LM-Lipo passed through inflamed endothelial cell layer by regulating intercellular junctions. These results suggest that imparting leukocyte-like properties to liposomes via intermembrane protein transfer would be an effective strategy to overcome inflamed endothelial barriers. In this review, we describe our findings on ischemic stroke treatment using liposomal DDS and the potential of LM-Lipo to overcome inflamed endothelial barriers.

総説
  • 竹内 洋文
    2020 年 140 巻 8 号 p. 1013-1024
    発行日: 2020/08/01
    公開日: 2020/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー

    Novel dosage form designs aiming at patient centric drug therapy are summarized here based on my carrier research in this field. The common key word for this research is particle design. The topics will be divided into two parts, based on the type of particle: coarse particles (powder) and colloidal particles. The former includes the preparation and characterization of functional particles prepared using a spray dryer. Solid dispersions, solvent deposition particles and dry emulsion systems are described. Polymer coated liposomes are described as a useful drug delivery carrier in several administration routes. As chitosan, a mucoadhesive polymer, was used as a coating polymer, the resultant chitosan-coated liposome was found to work as a good carrier for peptide drugs such as insulin and calcitonin in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. In another administration route (inhalation), polymer-coated liposomes enhanced the absorption of the drugs. Liposomal carriers applied to the surface of the eye as eye drops are able to deliver drugs to the posterior part of the eye, such as the retina. As a typical example of patient centric dosage form design, particle designs for the preparation of orally disintegrating tablets and films were introduced in one of our recent studies on oral dosage form design.

一般論文
  • 進 健司, 小林 大介, 川尻 雄大, 牛島 悠一, 森髙 啓太, 柳井 浩志, 一木 裕子, 村上 綾, 金澤 康範, 神村 英利, 島添 ...
    2020 年 140 巻 8 号 p. 1025-1033
    発行日: 2020/08/01
    公開日: 2020/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー

    Additional fees for ward pharmacists' services have been valued for hospitals in Japan. However, the calculation period for services provided to inpatients in the psychiatric ward is limited to 8 weeks. This study aimed to reveal the need for the services of pharmacists in the hospital ward for inpatients hospitalized for >8 weeks in the psychiatric ward. Patients who were hospitalized in the psychiatric ward from September 2016 to February 2017 were analyzed retrospectively. The pharmacists suggested prescriptions for inpatients admitted for >8 weeks, similar to those admitted for <9 weeks, and this supported pharmacotherapy without exacerbating patient outcomes. Moreover, significant decreases in benzodiazepine doses were found between the prior and post prescription suggestions of the pharmacist for inpatients >8 weeks of admission. Healthcare expenditures were also reduced. These results suggest that the prescriptions suggested by pharmacists for inpatients admitted for >8 weeks in the psychiatric ward were useful. In conclusion, our findings show that ward pharmacists' services were necessary not only for the inpatients hospitalized for <9 weeks, but also for those hospitalized for >8 weeks.

    Editor's pick

    The authors evaluated the effect of prescription suggestions by pharmacists to show the need for ward pharmacists’ services beyond 8 weeks for inpatients in the psychiatric ward. The pharmacists supported pharmacotherapy without exacerbating patient outcomes, decreased in benzodiazepine doses, and reduced healthcare expenditures were obtained for inpatients > 8 weeks of admission. This study showed that ward pharmacists’ services were necessary not only for the inpatients hospitalized for < 9 weeks, but also for those hospitalized for > 8 weeks.

  • 末次 王卓, 山本 奈々絵, 重松 智博, 小林 大介, 土谷 祐一, 中山 由理恵, 辻 敏和, 渡邊 裕之, 金谷 朗子, 増田 智先, ...
    2020 年 140 巻 8 号 p. 1035-1040
    発行日: 2020/08/01
    公開日: 2020/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー

    For many of the novel antiepileptics, immunoassays, used for routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), cannot be used. We could monitor eight novel antiepileptics using an LC/MS method since July 2017. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the significant changes associated with the transition from outsourcing to in-hospital monitoring of novel antiepileptics. The number of measurements of novel antiepileptics was significantly increased during the first (p<0.01) and second (p<0.001) years of in-hospital monitoring as compared to that one year prior to in-hospital monitoring which was outsourced. The proportion of measurements of novel antiepileptics to all antiepileptics was 19.7%, 31.1%, and 38.4% during outsourcing, and first, and second years of in-hospital monitoring, respectively. The measurement cost was significantly reduced during the first (p<0.001) and second (p<0.001) years of in-hospital monitoring as compared to that during outsourcing. In addition, the revenue from TDM of antiepileptic drugs was significantly increased during the first (p<0.05) and second (p<0.01) years of in-hospital monitoring as compared with that during outsourcing. In conclusion, the switch from outsourcing to in-hospital monitoring led to an increase in the number of orders, a reduction in the measurement-related expenses of novel antiepileptics, and an increase in the revenue from TDM of antiepileptic drugs, which could promote the proper use of novel antiepileptics through TDM.

  • 石郷 友之, 髙田 遼, 近藤 蕗, 伊部 裕太, 中野 敬太, 立石 莉穂, 藤居 賢, 片野 唆敏, 北川 学, 木明 智子, 中田 浩 ...
    2020 年 140 巻 8 号 p. 1041-1049
    発行日: 2020/08/01
    公開日: 2020/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー

    Sedative hypnotics are among the classes of drugs reported to influence falls. However, the effects of the sedative hypnotic drugs, suvorexant and ramelteon, on falls are not well known. Therefore, we conducted this retrospective case-control study to examine the association of the use of these two sedative hypnotics with the risk of falls. Conducted at the Sapporo Medical University Hospital in Japan, our study included 360 patients with fall incidents and 819 randomly selected control patients. Patients in the fall group were significantly older with a lower body mass index, and had a history of falls, disabilities in activities of daily living, cognitive impairment, and delirium. Monovariate analysis revealed that patients in the fall group frequently used ramelteon [odds ratio (OR) 2.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.49-3.81, p<0.001], but rarely used suvorexant (OR 0.66, 95% CI: 0.29-1.39, p=0.317), compared with control patients. Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed that ramelteon use did not increase the risk of falls (adjusted OR 1.43, 95% CI: 0.82-2.48, p=0.207), whereas suvorexant use significantly decreased the risk of falls (adjusted OR 0.32, 95% CI: 0.13-0.76, p=0.009). Although ramelteon tends to be used in patients at a high risk of falls, it may not increase the risk of falls. In contrast, the use of suvorexant may reduce the risk of falls.

  • 鈴木 絵莉花, 大嶋 萌永, 園塚 仁之, 林谷 博代, 大谷 静治, 岸田 邦博
    2020 年 140 巻 8 号 p. 1051-1061
    発行日: 2020/08/01
    公開日: 2020/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー

    It has been reported that medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) have various physiological functions, such as anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects. They can also elicit increased disaccharidase activity and intestinal cell proliferation. However, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, comparing the effects of MCT on weight loss and body composition, detected commercial bias. Additional research on the physiological functions is needed in order to have conclusive evidence. Thus, we sought to evaluate the various functions of MCT by conducting a feeding study in rats. Rats fed a diet containing 15% (w/w) MCT, had significantly lower visceral fat weight, plasma and liver lipid concentrations; they had significantly higher intestinal maltase and glucoamylase activities; and they had a greater number of Ki-67 positive cells/crypt, compared to the rats fed a diet containing 15% (w/w) lard. The effects of a diet containing 5% (w/w) MCT was observed only for plasma cholesterol levels and the number of Ki-67 positive cells/crypt; in which some results were found to be inconsistent with previous reports. These results indicate that physiological functions of MCT are numerous and need to be confirmed by additional research.

  • 内山 奈穂子, 細江 潤子, 三浦 亨, 杉本 直樹, 石附 京子, 山田 裕子, 岩本 芳明, 末松 孝子, 小松 功典, 丸山 剛史, ...
    2020 年 140 巻 8 号 p. 1063-1069
    発行日: 2020/08/01
    公開日: 2020/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー

    Quantitative NMR (qNMR) has been developed as an absolute quantitation method to determine the purity or content of organic compounds including marker compounds in crude drugs. The “qNMR test” has been introduced into the crude-drug section of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) for determining the purity of reagents used for the assay in the JP. In Supplement II to the JP 17th edition published in June 2019, fifteen compounds adopted qNMR test were listed as the reagents for the assay. To establish the “qNMR test” in the crude drug section of the JP, there were several problems to be solved. Previously, we reported that the handling impurity signals from reference substances and targeted marker compounds, chemical shifts of reference substances, and peak unity of signals of targeted marker compounds are important factors to conduct qNMR measurements with intended accuracy. In this study, we investigated that the hygroscopicity of reagents could cause the changes in the compounds' purity depending on increasing their water content. Twenty-one standard products used for the crude-drug test in JP were examined by water sorption-desorption analysis, and ginsenosides and saikosaponins were found to be hygroscopic. To prepare a sample solution of saikosaponin b2 for qNMR analysis, samples need to be maintained for 18 h at 25°C and 76% relative humidity; further, samples need to be weighed at the same humidity for the qNMR analysis.

  • 鈴木 豊史, 藏野 匠, 金沢 貴憲, 鈴木 直人
    2020 年 140 巻 8 号 p. 1071-1080
    発行日: 2020/08/01
    公開日: 2020/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー
    電子付録

    The purpose of the present study was to establish a novel method to evaluate water penetration rates by combining the local dynamic contact angle and thermographic approach to characterize water conduction properties in orally disintegrating (OD) tablets. The OD tablet tester OD-mate was used to measure the disintegration times of OD tablets. Other formulation characteristics, such as tablet hardness and friability, were evaluated. By examining three formulation characteristics, such as the disintegration time, tablet hardness, and friability, of 33 OD tablets for generic drugs, four characteristic OD tablets containing aripiprazole were selected. To quantitatively evaluate water penetration rates into the tablet interior, we measured the dynamic contact angle after dropping water locally on the tablet surface. Linearity with a high correlation coefficient was observed for each of the initial time-dependent changes in the dynamic contact angle. Water penetration rates into tablets were approximately twice as fast for Pharmaceuticals A and B than for Pharmaceuticals C and D. These rates were consistent with changes observed in tablet thermographic imaging. The relationship between the rapid disintegration of the tablet and its physical strength was discussed based on the internal structure of the tablet by X-ray CT and the additives of each OD tablet. The present results demonstrated that the water penetration rates of OD tablets, as measured by dynamic contact angle, may accurately detect differences in disintegration times in the human oral cavity.

ケースレポート
  • 寺山 和利, 濵名 真由美, 土屋 雅勇, 渡部 多真紀, 榎本 弘美, 安野 伸浩, 三浦 邦久, 太田 一樹, 渡辺 茂和
    2020 年 140 巻 8 号 p. 1081-1085
    発行日: 2020/08/01
    公開日: 2020/08/01
    ジャーナル フリー

    Cancer patients often suffer from severe pain related to bone metastasis. We encountered a patient in whom the addition of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for persistent pain related to bone metastasis during therapy with opioids and oral NSAIDs reduced pain, improving activities of daily living (ADL). Fentanyl patches, celecoxib, denosumab, and topical NSAIDs (loxoprofen tape, felbinac) were administered to a 72-year-old patient with gastric cancer and pain related to bone metastasis. Pain control was favorable, with a numerical rating scale (NRS) score of 2 and Japanese version Support Team Assessment Schedule (STAS-J) score of 1. Intervention by pharmacists for the use of topical NSAIDs decreased both the NRS and STAS-J scores to zero, improving ADL. The results suggest that topical NSAIDs relieve bone-metastasis-related pain, improving ADL. When bone-metastasis-related pain is localized, the prescription of topical NSAIDs should be considered, and positive intervention by pharmacists regarding their usage should be promoted.

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