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Masatoshi Yamato, Masako Fukuyama
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1431-1435
Published: December 25, 1967
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In continuation of the preceding report on the new method for the synthesis of α-amino acids by a comparatively simale process starting with a diketene, a more detailed examination was made on this reaction and it was found that potassium bromate, formed in the course of a preparation of potassium hypobromite from bromine and potassium hydroxide, tends to decompose α-amino acid and thereby reduce its yield. Therefore, examinations were made to find conditions whereby the by-product formation of potassium bromate would be suppressed in order to increase the yield of α-amino acids by this reaction. In the case of DL-leucine, 93% yield was attained by following the maximal condition. Yield of α-amino acid was rather poor when sodium hydroxide was used in place of potassium hydroxide or when chlorine was used instead of bromine. Attempts to synthesize various α-amino acids, such as glycine, alanine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, glutamic acid, and methionine, by this process was successful except in the case of glycine and methionine, in which only the by-products of the reaction were obtained.
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Hideo Kamio, Hideo Nakamachi
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1436-1441
Published: December 25, 1967
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Properties of water of crystallization in disodium 5'-inosinate (I) and in-(II) and-form (II') of disodium 5'-guanylate were investigated by means of thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, moisture equilibium, and dielectric relaxation measurements. Their results show that these crystals contain eight, seven, and four molecules of water of crystallization, respectively and that the properties of these water molecules in I and II are similar. Ability to form a mixed crystal having various composition was also found.
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Kosuke Saika, Tadao Ida, Isamu Utsumi
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1442-1446
Published: December 25, 1967
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In continuation of the preceding report on the effect of the shape of tablets on the ease or difficulty of sugar coating from experimental evidences, some theoretical considerations were made on this problem. The greatest factor that influences the ease or difficulty of sugar coating procedure was taken as the technical volume which corresponds to the volume of sugar coating in the flange, and the ratio of this technical volume to the total volume of sugar coating was taken as the coefficient of the degree of difficulty. This coefficient agreed well with the experimental one. There are many factors that affect ease of difficulty of sugar coating process, such as the shape of the tablet to be sugar-coated, nature of such tablets, or the nature of liquid and powder for sugar coating, but if it were assumed that all the factors other than the shape can be made constant, the ease, or difficulty of sugar coating can be predicted by making tablets in such a shape that the theoretical coefficient for the degree of difficulty, K
0, becomes constant in order to carry out sugar coating by the same degree of ease, irrespective of the size of the tablets to be coated.
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Tsukinaka Yamana, Yuzo Mizukami, Akira Tsuji
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1447-1450
Published: December 25, 1967
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The present investigation was undertaken to obtain, not using trial-and-error method but a mathematical one, the optimum for the production of the intermediate in the degradation of chlorothiazide (I). I decomposes to 4-amino-6-chloro-m-benzenedisulfonamide (IV) via consecutive reversible reactions, leading to the formation of N-(2-amino-4-chloro-5-sulfa-moylphenylsulfonyl) formamide (II) in aqueous alkali : [numerical formula]. II has a maximum concentration [II]
max at [t]
max, and [II]
max was affected by the variation of pH. The [II]
max had the maximum value of 65% of[I]
0 at pH 7.6 by the calculation based on : k
1=1.2×10
-2min
-1, k
2=6.5×10
-3min
-1, and k
3=2.0×10
-4min
-1.
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Shokei Fujisawa, Shoko Kawabata, Ryuichi Yamamoto
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1451-1456
Published: December 25, 1967
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Photolysis of vitamin K
1 (I), in ethanol or benzene, and in aqueous solution of rolysorbate 80, was carried out by irradiating fluorescent light under anaerobic conditions. Thin-layer chromatogram and ultraviolet absorption spectra of the irradiated solutions showed the main product in these solutions to be identical. Infrared and NMR spectra of this product showed to be 2, 5-dimethyl-2-(4, 8, 12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-naphtho[1, 2-b]pyran-6-ol (II) and the acetate (IIIa) of II was converted into 6-acetoxy-2, 5-dimethyl 3, 4-dihydro-2-(4, 8, 12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-naphtho [1, 2-b]pyran (V), which was identified with an authentic sample prepared by another route. Reductive acetylation of the oxidation product of II afforded 5, 5'-ethano-bis [6-acetoxy-2-methyl-2(4, 8, 12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-naphtho [1, 2-b] pyran] (VII).
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Akira Minato, Taketo Ogiso, Kuniko Kawahara
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1457-1462
Published: December 25, 1967
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The effects of copper-histidine chelate on succinoxidase activity of liver mitochondria were studied and copper-histidine chelate showed a more marked inhibitory effect than cupric ion alone (Table I). The differences between copper-histidine chelate and cupric ion with regard to inhibitory effect on succinoxidase activity were decreased by treatment of mitochondria at pH 8.5 or by sonic vibration (Table IV). These findings suggested that this inhibitory effect depends on the permeability of mitochondrial membrane to copper-histidine chelate and cupric ion. Therefore, the uptake of copper-histidine chelate and cupric ion by mitochondria was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy and it was shown that the uptake of cupric ion was slower than that of copper-histidine chelate (Fig.3). In these investigations, it was found that the acceleration of succinoxidase activity was observed in a lower concentration of copper-histidine chelate than that required to inhibit the enzymatic activity. The optimal concentration of copper-histidine chelate to accelerate the enzymatic activity is lower than that of cupric ion. The possible mechanism of rapid uptake of copper-histidine chelate was discussed.
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Tsunematsu Takemoto, Shuntaro Ogawa, Nobushige Nishimoto
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1463-1468
Published: December 25, 1967
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Using the aqueous infusion of the root of Achyranthes fauriei LEV. ET. VAM. (Japanese name "Hinata-inokozuchi"), amino acid components were examined by an amino acid analyzer and paper chromatography. γ-Aminobutyric acid, betaine hydrate, succinic acid, and oxalic acid were isolated identified from the aqueous infusion. From the methanolic extract, a mixture of β-sitosterol and stigmasterol, a 1 : 1 mixture of β-sitosteryl glucoside and stigmasteryl glucoside, palmitic acid, and betaine hydrochloride were isolated and identified.
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Tsunematsu Takemoto, Shuntaro Ogawa, Nobushige Nishimoto
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1469-1473
Published: December 25, 1967
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Methanolic and aqueous extracts of the root of Achyranthes fauriei (Japanese name "Hinatanoinokozuchi") (Amaranthaceae) were extracted with ethyl acetate and, from the soluble portion, two kinds of crystalline component, one of m.p. 255°(decomp.)(II) and the other of m.p. 242°(decomp.) (VI), and dimethyl sulfone (III), m.p. 105∼108°, were isolated. II and VI showed a marked activity for metamorphosis of insects. VI was identified with ecdysterone (I), an insect metamorphosis hormone. II is a new substance and was named inokosterone.
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Tsunematsu Takemoto, Shuntaro Ogawa, Nobushige Nishimoto
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1474-1477
Published: December 25, 1967
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Examinations were made on the structure of inokosterone (II), m.p. 255°(decomp.), an insect metamorphosis-active substance obtained from Achyranthes fauriei. Derivatives of II, a tetraacetate (III) of m.p. 165∼168°and a diacetonide (IV) of m.p. 216∼218° were prepared. Oxidation of II with sodium periodate gave δ-hydroxyisohexanal (V) and crystals (VI) of m.p. 193°(decomp.). Further oxidation of V with potassium permanganate gave dl-α-methylglutaric acid which was identified with an authentic sample. It was also found that VI is identical with the crystalline product (IX) of m.p. 193°(decomp.) obtained by the oxidation of I with sodium periodate. From the foregoing experimental results and from the comparison of the physicochemical properties of I and II, planer structure of II was assumed to be 2, 3, 14, 20, 22, 26-hexahydroxy-cholesta-7-en-6-one.
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Tsunematsu Takemoto, Shuntaro Ogawa, Nobushige Nishimoto, Shinobu Tani ...
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1478-1480
Published: December 25, 1967
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Examinations were made on the insect metamorphosis activity and ecdysterone content of Formosan Achyranthes obtusifolia LAM. (Japanese name "Shima-inokozuchi"), A. rubrofusca WIGHT (Japanese name "Murasaki-inokozuchi"), and A. longifolia MAKIMO (Japanese name"Yanagi-inokozuchi"). Ecdysterone was isolated from the root of A. rubrofusca and from the total herb of A. longifolia, and identified. A crystalline component of m.p. 225∼230° (decomp.) was isolated from the root of A. rubrofusca.
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Tsunematsu Takemoto, Shuntaro Ogawa, Nobushige Nishimoto, Kazuo Mue
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1481-1483
Published: December 25, 1967
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Hormonal activity of ecdysterone (I) and inokosterone (II), isolated from the root of Achyranthes fauriei, was assayed by the use of free abdomen from various flies, i.e. Phormia regina, Chrysomia megacephala, Protophormia terrae-novae, Sarcophaga peregrina, Sarcophaga crassipalpis, and Musca domestica vicina. Both I and II showed marked activity and it was considered that I had a slightly stronger activity than II.
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Joju Haginiwa, Shin-ichiro Sakai, Akinori Kubo, Takenori Hamamoto
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1484-1488
Published: December 25, 1967
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Four new alkaloids, gardneramine, C
22H
28O
5N
2, gardnutine, C
20H
22O
2N
2, gardnerine C
20H
24-O
2N
2 : H
2O, and hydroxygardnutine C
20H
22O
3N
2 were isolated from a japanese plant, Gardneria nutans SIEB. ET ZUCC. (japanese name "Hohrai-kazura"), and those alkaloids were characterized.
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Tsunematsu Takemoto, Genjiro Kusano, Nobuko Yamamoto
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1489-1492
Published: December 25, 1967
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Acerinol (I), m.p. 152∼153°, [α]
24D+25.65°, C
30H
46O
5, is a triterpene alcohol obtained on acid treatment of the glycosidic fraction of Cimicifuga acerina. I forms a monoacetate (II) of m.p. 270∼272°, [α]
24D+33.84°, C
32H
48O
6, a diacetate (III) of m.p. 214∼216°, C
34H
50O
7, a monoketo compound (IV) of m.p. 185∼187°, C
30H
44O
5, and a dehydrated compound (V) of m.p. 170∼172°, C
30H
44O
4. Catalytic reduction of V affords a dihydro compound (VI) of m.p. 169∼171°, C
30H
45O
4, I also forms a monoepoxy compound (VII) of m.p. 148∼150°, C
30H
46O
6, whose acid treatment produces a diene compound (VIII) of m.p. 138∼140°, C
30H
44O
5. From these reactivities and from other observations, it was concluded that I should be a kind of lanostane series compound represented by formula I.
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Fukujiro Fujikawa, Reiko Hirao, Tomiko Shiota, Masukazu Naito, shunji ...
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1493-1500
Published: December 25, 1967
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Nineteen kinds of 2-pyrrolecarboxaldehyde derivetives and 41 kinds of 5-ethylbenzaldehyde and 2, 4-dihydroxy-5-isoamylbenzaldehyde derivatives were synthesized and their antibacterial activity was tested using a sensitive strain of human type tubercle bacilli H37Rv and a multiple resistant strain, H37RvR, which is resistant to 300μg./ml. of streptomycin, 50 μg./ml. of INAH, and 50μg./ml. of PAS. In contrast to the growth-inhibition of H37RvS strain at 0.0625μg./ml. of INAH and 12.5μg./ml. of TBI, thiosemicarbazone, 4-methyl-thiosemicarbazone, 4-ethylthiosemicarbazone, and 4-phenylthiosemicarbazone of 2-pyrrolecar-boxaldehyde inhibited the growth of these strains at 3.13μg./ml. 4-Methylthiosemicarbazone and 4-phenylthiosemicarbazone showed a fairly strong antibacterial action against H37RvR strain at 3.13μg./ml., in contrast to 12.5μg./ml, of TBl used as control. However, none of the derivatives of 2, 4-dihydroxy-5-ethylbenzaldehyde and 2, 4-dihydroxy-5-isoamylbenzaldehyde showed a strong antibacterial activity.
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Isamu Saikawa, Toyoo Maeda
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1501-1508
Published: December 25, 1967
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Reaction of equimolar amount of methylglyoxal with aminoguanidine yielded a mixture of 3-amino-6-methyl-1, 2, 4-triazine (II) and 3-amino-5-methyl-1, 2, 4-triazine (III). They were separated in a pure form via 3-amino-6-methyl-4, 5-dihydro-1, 2, 4-triazine-5-sulfonic acid (IV) and hydrosulfic acid adduct (V) of III. V was easily decomposed to III with boiling water, whereas IV was stable and II was recovered by alkaline treatment. Reaction of II and IV with HCN in water, alcohols, or acetonitrile produced 3-amino-6-methyl- 1, 2, 4-triazin-5 (4H)-one (VI), 5, 5'-bis (3-amino-6-methyl-1, 2, 4-triazyl) (X), 3-amino-6-methyl-1, 2, 4-triazine-5-carboxamide (XI), and 3-amino-5-alkoxy-6-methyl-1, 2, 4, -triazine (XII). Alkylation of the sodium salt of VI with alkyl iodide or dialkyl sulfate yielded 2-alkyl-3-amino-6-methyl-1, 2, 4-triazin-5 (2H)-one (XIII). Reaction of III with 5-nitrofurfural in the presence of sulfuric acid afforded the condensation product, 3-amino-5-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-vinyl]-1, 2, 4-triazine (VII).
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Toyoo Maeda, Isamu Saikawa
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1509-1513
Published: December 25, 1967
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3-Amino-6-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl) vinyl)-1, 2, 4-triazine (II) was conveniently prepared in a yield of up to 66% by an oxidative cyclization of 4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-3-buten-2-one amidinohydrazone (I) with H
2SeO
3(SeO
2), H
2SeO
4, or their alkali metal salts. The same procedure was successfully applied for the synthesis of 6-substituted-3-amino-1, 2, 4-triazines shown in Table II.
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Isamu Saikawa, Shuntaro Takano, Toyoo Maeda
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1514-1520
Published: December 25, 1967
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Treatment of 4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-3-buten-2-one (I) with bromine or chlorine in the presence of sodium or potassium acetate in acetic acid gave unstable addition products, 3, 4-dihalo-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-3-buten-2-ones, which were smoothly dehydrohalogenated with sodium or potassium acetate to afford 3-halo-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-3-buten-2-one (II). Amidinohydrazone (IV) of II was oxidatively cyclized with SeO
2 to afford 3-amino-6-[1-halo-2-(5-nitro-2-furyl) vinyl]-1, 2, 4-triazine (V). 3-Amino-6-[2-halo-2-(5-nitro-2-furyl) vinyl]-1, 2, 4-triazines (VIII) were prepared by oxidative cyclization of 4-halo-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-3-buten-2-one amidinohydrazones (VII). VII was obtained by the reaction of 4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-3-butyn-2-one amidinohydrazone (VI) with aq. hydrogenhalide. Dehydrohalogenation of V and VIII yielded 3-amino-6-[2-(5-nitro-2-furyl) ethyl]-1, 2, 4-triazine (IX). Antimicrobial activity of V, VIII, IX and related compounds against four kinds of microorganisms is shown in Table II.
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Tsunematsu Takemoto, Shuntaro Ogawa, Nobushige Nishimoto, Kun-Ying Yen ...
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1521-1523
Published: December 25, 1967
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Ecdysterone was isolated from the root of Formosan Achyranthes obtusifolia LAM. (Japanese name "Shimainokozuchi"), with two crystalline components of m.p. 248°(decomp.) and of m.p. 230°(decomp.). This contrasts with the fact that ecdysterone and inokosterone were isolatd in approximately an equal amount from the root of Japanese A. fauriei LEV. ET VAN. (Japanese name "Hinata-inokozuchi").
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Yasuhisa Saiki, Teruyo Saito, Hisako Sisaki, Seigo Fukushima
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1524-1528
Published: December 25, 1967
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Chemical examinations were made on the essential oil of Korean Xixin (Saishin), a radix of Asiasarum heterotropoides var. seoulensis. Kakuol, saishinone, asaricin, methyleugenol, safrole, eucarvone, and two undetermined substances, F and G, were isolated from this oil. The structure of kakuol was determined as formula (I). Saishinone is considered to be a new terpene derivative but its structure has not been elucidated as yet. Asaricin is a new substance obtained as a natural product and its structure was determined as 2-methoxy-4, 5-methylenedioxy-1-allylbenzene.
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Yasuhisa Saiki, Yukio Akahori, Tadataka Noro, Kunio Morinaga, Takeo Ta ...
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1529-1534
Published: December 25, 1967
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Essential oil of the plants of the Asarum and Asiasarum genera of Aristolochiaceae family was examined by gas chromatography. The gas chromatograms of each species are given in Figs. 1 and 2, and the cormponental composition of these oils is shown in Table II.
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Yasuhisa Saiki, Yukio Akahori, Kunio Morinaga, Takeo Taira, Tadataka N ...
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1535-1538
Published: December 25, 1967
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Essential oil of the plants of sections Sakawanae and Aschidasarum in Heterotropagenus (Aristolochiaceae family) was examined by gas chromatography. Gas chromatograms are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, and chemical composition of these oils in Table I.
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Yasuhisa Saiki, Yukio Akahori, Kunio Morinaga, Takeo Taira, Tadataka N ...
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1539-1543
Published: December 25, 1967
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Essential oil of the plants belonging to Sections Bicornes and Ranyo in the Heterotropa genus (Aristolochiaceae) was examined by gas chromatography. Gas chromatograms of these essential oil are given in Figs. 1 and 2, and the chemical composition of the oils in Table I.
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Yasuhisa Saiki, Yukio Akahori, Kunio Morinaga, Takeo Taira, Tadataka N ...
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1544-1547
Published: December 25, 1967
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Essential oils of the plants belonging to Sections Annularia and Euheterotropa in the Heterotropa genus (Aristolochiaceae) were examined by gas chromatography. Their gas chromatograms are given in Figs. 1 and 2, and their chemical composition Table I.
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Shoji Toyoshima, Nobumichi Morishita
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1548-1552
Published: December 25, 1967
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The Mannich base of the derivative of 5-chloro-2-benzoxazolinone were prepared. Warming of the Mannich base with methyl iodide easily formed a quaternary salt which did not have an increased solubility in water as expected. Heating of 5-chloro-2-benzoxazolinone derivatives with formaldehyde solution yields a 3-hydroxymethyl compounds which are unstable. Refluxing of the 3-hydroxy compounds with thionyl chloride results in chloromethylation, while heating with an amine gives the corresponding Mannich bases.
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Hikaru Ozawa, Isao Otsuki
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1553-1555
Published: December 25, 1967
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The effect of 2, 3, 4, 5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine-2-carboxamidine sulfate (GQ-1) on the response of norepinephrine and tyramine was studied in spinal cats and guinea-pig vas deferens. Pretreatment with GQ-1 caused moderate supersensitivity to norepinephrine and pronounced subsensitivity to tyramine in the blood pressure and the nictitating membrane of the spinal cat ; hence the dose-response curve of norepinephrine shifted to the left and that of tyramine shifted markedly to the right. On the other hand, norepinephrine-induced contraction of the guinea-pig vas deferens was reduced by GQ-1 and not by guanethidine. It is concluded that GQ-1 has cocaine-like action in spinal cats and also adrenolytic action on the guinea-pig vas deferens.
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Ichiro Isaka, Kazuo Kubo, Mutsuo Takashima, Masuo Murakami
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1556-1559
Published: December 25, 1967
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The cis or trans arrangement of amino group in 3, 4-diaminochromans has been established by consideration of nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of their diacetates (IXa and IXb), and behavior of their imidazolidone derivatives (Xa and Xb) to acid hydrolysis. IXa and IXb were obtained by hydrogenation of 3-acetamido-4-chromanone oxime (VIII), which was derived from 3-amino-4-chromanone (IV) with palladium-carbon. IV was synthesized from the tosylate of 4-hydroxyiminochroman (III) by the Neber rearrangement. C-N bond of IV was thought to be equatorial from their easy dimerization to dihydropyrazine derivative (V).
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Masao Tomita, Motoharu Ju-ichi, Hiroshi Furukawa
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1560-1561
Published: December 25, 1967
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Alkaloidal components of Limacia oblonga (MIERS) HOOK. F. ET THOMS. (Menispermaceae) collected in the Borneo-Sarawak region were examined and three kinds of biscoclaurine-type alkaloids, cuspidaline (I), limacine (II), and limacusine (III) were isolated and identified.
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Koji Kuroda, Genzo Hashizume, Kyoko Fukuda
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1562-1568
Published: December 25, 1967
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Quantitative determination by X-ray diffraction method, using calcium carbonate as the internal standard, was carried out on a suspension for internal use having as the main component acetylsulfisoxazole, sulfadimethoxin, acetylsulfisomezole, or O-benzoylthiamine disulfide, and suspension for injection having as the main component acetylhydrocortisone, in which calcium carbonate was added to each suspension, the mixture centrifuged, and the precipitate fixed in the holder. Acetylsulfisoxazole, sulfadimethoxin, and acetylhydrocortisone were determined by a precision comparable to the chemical method but acetylsulfisomezole gave a large error due to the tendency for its crystals to undergo preferred orientation. It was also found that the crystalline particles of O-benzoylthiamine disulfide were very small and the particle surface had been given a special processing so that centrifugation required time and complicated handling.
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Tsunematsu Takemoto, Genjiro Kusano
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1569-1572
Published: December 25, 1967
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A substance, C
30H
48O
5, of m.p. 216∼217°, [α]
24D +38.20°, obtained as the main component of Cimicifuga acerina, had been named cimicifugol and its structural studies were being carried out. Later, however, this substance was found to be identical with cimigenol, obtained by Corsano and other,
2, 3)and expressed by formula (I), by direct comparison. I forms a monoacetate (II) of m.p. 200∼201°, [α]
24D+45.55°, C
32H
50O
6, a diacetate (III), C
34H
52O
7, of m.p. 199∼200°, [α]
24D+67.21°, another diacetate (IV), C
37H
52O
7, of m.p. 222∼223.5°, [α]
15D+37.15°, a monoketo compound (V), C
30H
46O
5, of m.p. 206°, and a diketo compound (VI), C
30H
44O
5, of m.p. 212∼213°, Dehydration of III gives a compound (XII), C
34H
50O
6, of m.p. 220∼221.5°, whose catalytic reduction affords a dihydro compound (XIII), C
34H
52O
6, of m.p. 191∼192°. α, β-Unsaturated ketone compound (VIII), C
30H
44O
5, of m.p. 202∼204°, was obtained from V, and an intramolecular rearrangement product (IX), C
30H
46O
4, of m.p. 206∼207°, from I. From these reactions and other observations, the chemical structure of I would be appropriately formulated as (I).
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Shoji Hara, Yoshimasa Ike
1967 Volume 87 Issue 12 Pages
1573-1574
Published: December 25, 1967
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3β-Hydroxy-androst-5-en-16-one (Va) was synthesized selectivelyth by e demesyloxylation and hydrolysis with alkali from 17ξ-mesyloxy-3β, 16β-diacetoxy-androst-5-ene (IV), which was derived from dehydroepiandrosterone (I) with fourstep sequences : enol acetylation, oxidation with lead tetraacetate, reduction, and mesylation.
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