Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases
Online ISSN : 1884-2836
Print ISSN : 1344-6304
ISSN-L : 1344-6304
67 巻, 5 号
選択された号の論文の21件中1~21を表示しています
Invited Review
  • Kazuo Kobayashi
    原稿種別: Invited Review
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 329-332
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    Rapid and accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases, including mycobacterial disease such as tuberculosis (TB) and diseases due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), is a very important element of global health. The gold standard in diagnosis of mycobacterial diseases remains clinical examination, combined with direct microscopic examination of sputum and culture of bacteria. Culture of slowly growing mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and NTM (such as M. avium complex: MAC), can take up to 4 to 6 weeks, and in 10–20% of cases the bacillus is not successfully cultivated. Diagnosis of MAC pulmonary disease (MAC-PD) is complicated and time-consuming (usually at least 1 month). I have characterized the nature of MAC antigens and immune responses from the aspect of basic mycobacteriology, and then translated to clinical science. My multicenter study in Japan has demonstrated the usefulness of a serodiagnostic test to determine serum IgA antibodies against mycobacterial glycopeptidolipid (GPL) core antigen for diagnosing MAC-PD within a few hours. To validate in a larger number of patients, at diverse geographic locations, and among other races, the test was also assessed the usefulness internationally in the United States and Taiwan. In this review, I discuss development of serodiagnosis of MAC-PD by translational research and international collaboration study.
Original Article
  • Jeng-Dau Tsai, Henry J Tsai, Tsai-Hsiu Lin, Yuan-Yen Chang, Sheng-Hui ...
    原稿種別: Original Article
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 333-338
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    Enterovirus (EV) 71 may cause severe neurological illness in the pediatric population. The present study aimed to compare the detection rates of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with pan-EV/EV71 type- specific primers and virus culture (VC) for the identification of EV and EV71 using specimens from multiple sites. In total, specimens from throat/rectal swabs, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood from 66 patients diagnosed with EV encephalomyelitis were subjected to both RT-PCR and VC for detecting the presence of pan-EV and EV71. The results revealed that the positive RT-PCR rate was higher in throat swabs (60.6%) and rectum swabs (50.0%) than in CSF (16.7%) and blood (15.6%). The same trend was also observed in case of VC: throat swabs (22.7%), rectum swabs (10.6%), and blood (3.0%). The detection rate of EV encephalomyelitis by RT-PCR was 90.9% for all samples, 63.6% of which were subtyped as EV71. The detection rates of RT-PCR were superior to those of VC, and identification using specimens from throat/rectal swabs yielded higher positive results. These findings may help physicians to identify the etiologies at an early stage during EV71 epidemics and to make emergent medical decisions for minimizing patient morbidity and mortality.
  • Nagehan Didem Sari, Muzaffer Fincanci, Ferda Soysal
    原稿種別: Original Article
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 339-344
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    This study analyzed the differences between the virological and immunological responses in patients with HIV/AIDS subjected to different treatment protocols. The cases treated with HAART were divided into groups on the basis of treatment protocols. The groups were evaluated with respect to the differences by comparing the virological and immunological responses prior to treatment and at 12 and 24 weeks of therapy. Six different treatment protocols were applied in the treated patients. As the largest clusters, the lopinavir/ritonavir-based patient group (Group 1, n = 29) and efavirenz-based patient group (Group 2, n = 18) were compared. The mean CD4 and HIV-RNA values of Groups 1 and 2 were 184 and 243 h/μl and 422,266 and 317,684 copies/ml, respectively. At 24 weeks of treatment, the HIV-RNA levels were below detectable values in 86% and 78% of the patients in Groups 1 and 2, respectively (p > 0.001). The striking outcomes observed in this study demonstrated that the pretreatment HIV-RNA level, CD4 value, gender, age, and protease inhibitor- or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based combined treatment protocols do not cause a significant difference and that patient compliance to treatment is the most important factor associated with treatment success.
  • Kazuhiro Horiba, Naoko Nishimura, Kensei Gotoh, Masahiro Kawaguchi, Su ...
    原稿種別: Original Article
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 345-348
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    We conducted a retrospective study in 57 children (median age, 3.5 years; range, 1 month–14.5 years) with microbiologically confirmed pertussis infection over a recent 4-year period in a regional hospital in Japan. We obtained nasal swabs from all patients for Bordetella pertussis isolation as well as performed B. pertussis DNA detection using loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Of the 57 cases, 34 (60%) were culture-positive and 57 (100%) were LAMP-positive. The frequency of each symptom was as follows: typical paroxysmal cough for over 14 days, 96% (55/57); paroxysms, 86% (49/57); posttussive vomiting, 33% (19/57); inspiratory whoop, 25% (14/57); and apnea, 12% (7/57). Hospitalization was required in 14 cases (25%), 93% (13/14) of which were aged <1 year. The proportion of patients previously immunized against diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (DTaP) was 19% (4/21) in children aged <1 year and 92% (11/12) in children aged ≥10 years. Minimum inhibitory concentrations for 6 antimicrobials (erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin, minocycline, amoxicillin, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim) were measured for 30 isolated strains, and all strains were susceptible to all aforementioned antimicrobials. Thus, an additional pertussis vaccination in older children is necessary, and the current macrolides-based treatment strategy is considered reasonable.
  • Jie Li, Yongsheng Yang, Changying Lin, Weihong Li, Yang Yang, Yong Zha ...
    原稿種別: Original Article
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 349-355
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    Acute conjunctivitis is a common disease associated with high morbidity and economic burden. To clarify the etiological characteristics of acute conjunctivitis in Beijing, surveillance of acute conjunctivitis was conducted from July to October during 2007–2012 by collecting eye swabs from patients treated at surveillance hospitals affiliated with a surveillance program of 18 districts Center for Disease Prevention and Control in Beijing. Coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v), enterovirus 70 (EV70), human adenovirus (HAdV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), and chlamydia were identified by PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP1 region of CA24v was conducted. Comparisons of proportions and statistical significance were performed using the chi-square test. HAdV was found to be the most prevalent pathogen, followed by CA24v, chlamydia, and HSV. Significant differences in the symptoms of ocular pain, photophobia, and epiphora were identified among the 4 agents. The prevalence of HAdV- and CA24v-mediated conjunctivitis peaked in July or August and September or October, respectively. Nucleotide sequences of the VP1 regions among the isolated CA24v strains shared 92.8%–100% homology. In conclusion, HAdV followed by CA24v, chlamydia, and HSV were the most common causative agents of acute conjunctivitis in Beijing. Comprehensive, continuous surveillance and advanced laboratory techniques are needed for further studies.
  • Bin Chang, Akihito Wada, Mitsuaki Hosoya, Tomohiro Oishi, Naruhiko Ish ...
    原稿種別: Original Article
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 356-360
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is one of the leading causes of neonatal bacterial infections. Population-based surveillance of GBS-related invasive diseases among newborns and infants from 10 prefectures in Japan was performed between 2007 and 2012. The characteristics of cases and isolated GBS are described in this study. The incidence rate of GBS-related invasive diseases was 0.13 per 1,000 live births. Analysis of GBS samples obtained from 60 invasive cases showed that the most frequent serotypes were III (48.3%), Ia (30.0%), and Ib (10.0%). All isolates were susceptible to penicillin G, ampicillin, cefotaxime, imipenem, and panipenem. However, 14, 2, and 7 isolates were resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, and both erythromycin and clindamycin, respectively. Multilocus sequence typing revealed that GBS sequence type (ST) 23, ST17, and ST335 caused higher incidences of meningitis. These data show that serotypes III, Ia, and Ib together caused more than 80% of invasive infections in Japanese infants, and that GBS strains are still susceptible to β-lactam antibiotics.
  • Fateh Karimian, Mohammad Ali Oshaghi, Mohammad Mahdi Sedaghat, Robert ...
    原稿種別: Original Article
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 361-367
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    The phylogenetic relationships of Anopheles spp. at the junction of Oriental, Palearctic, and Afrotropical regions in the Iranian plateau were investigated using molecular markers. A 711-bp mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase C subunit I (COI) fragment and the entire second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region (286–576 bp) of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA-ITS2) were sequenced from 14 and 28 taxa, respectively. The analyses included 12 species within Anopheles and 4 within the Myzorhynchus Series of the subgenus Anopheles, 8 within Neocellia, 6 within Myzomyia, 3 within Paramyzomyia, and 1 within the Pyretophorus Series of the subgenus Cellia. The congruent tree topologies of both molecular markers strongly supported monophyly of subgenera Anopheles and Cellia. Phylogenetic trees constructed on the basis of ITS2 sequences could accurately categorize all of the series according to the classical taxonomy but could not distinguish Pyretophorus (Anopheles subpictus) from Paramyzomyia Series. Although sequence data of the COI region were available for only 14 species, the inferred trees revealed good classification among the series but could not show the monophyletic relationship of Cellia spp. Except for a few cases, the tree inferred from ITS2 sequences revealed the best classification for the species studied. The molecular data could significantly improve our understanding of the phylogenetic position of the taxa.
  • Akiko Ohta, Shuji Hashimoto, Yoshitaka Murakami, Miyuki Kawado, Kiyosu ...
    原稿種別: Original Article
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 368-373
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    This study aimed to describe the geographical spread and temporal accumulation of cases during the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) epidemic in Japan. Using a method adopted by the National Epidemiological Surveillance of Infectious Diseases (NESID) to identify epidemics, we described the frequency and temporal change of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) epidemic among designated public health center areas in Japan. We calculated the proportion of public health center areas with an epidemic by week from 1999 to 2010. The 2009 influenza A (H1N1) epidemic had several distinguishing features compared with previous seasonal influenza epidemics. For example, the 2009 epidemic started in autumn and peaked at week 49, almost 10 weeks earlier than that of previous seasonal influenza epidemics. Additionally, the 2009 epidemic had the highest total number of public health center areas reporting an epidemic within a season, but only the second highest proportion of areas with an epidemic in the peak week (78.5%). The duration of the epidemic was 17 weeks, which was longer than that of previous epidemics. The present study results shed light on the epidemiology of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic and provide useful information to create strategies to prevent future pandemics.
  • Hiroshi Ushijima, Shuichi Nishimura, Aksara Thongprachum, Yuko Shimizu ...
    原稿種別: Original Article
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 374-378
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    We detected Campylobacter spp. in 5% (20/380) of diarrheal stool samples collected at an outpatient clinic in Kyoto using a commercial loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) kit with a fluorescent detection reagent after DNA extraction. The sensitivity and specificity were 100% in comparison with those of semi-nested PCR for the differentiation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Fourteen of the 20 samples were already determined as C. jejuni by the culture method. All 20 samples were also positive for C. jejuni by the PCR method. Among the 58 cultured samples, the sensitivity of the culture method against the LAMP method was 93.3% (14/15) and the specificity was 100% (43/43). The detection rate of Campylobacter spp. from the heated supernatants by the LAMP method was lower than that from the supernatant after DNA extraction. In total, 25% (5/20) of the Campylobacter-positive samples by the LAMP method were co-infected with norovirus (3/20), rotavirus (1/20), and human parechovirus (1/20), although no other bacterial co-infection was identified by the culture method. C. jejuni was mostly detected in children aged >5 years throughout the year. Based on these results, we concluded that care should be taken while diagnosing Campylobacter infection in children. Our newly modified LAMP method is a rapid, easy, and useful method for this diagnosis.
Short Communication
  • Namiko Mori-Yoshikawa, Norio Ohmagari, Teruo Kirikae
    原稿種別: Short Communication
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 379-381
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    The aims of this study were to assess nosocomial infection control measures at middle-scale hospitals throughout Japan. Of the 823 hospitals participating in this questionnaire-based survey, more than half of the middle-scale hospitals have implemented nosocomial infection control measures, including infection surveillance or infection control rounds, while acknowledging a shortage of infection control staff. These hospitals most frequently consulted public health centers to obtain information and advice. Improved nosocomial infection control in middle-scale hospitals requires sufficient staffing and a local network, with active participation by public health centers.
  • Taghrid S. El-Mahdy
    原稿種別: Short Communication
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 382-384
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    Two multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains harboring blaVIM were isolated from a hospital in Egypt and were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Sequence analysis revealed a novel VIM β-lactamase, VIM-28. Additional sequencing of integron revealed that the blaVIM-28 gene cassette had an unusual arrangement of class 1 integron structure, located directly downstream of the integrase gene “intI1” and oriented divergently from it. The new organization of integron also comprised the aacA7 and smr-2 gene cassettes in that order. A complete ISPa21 containing a tnpA gene flanked by two 13-bp inverted repeats was located directly upstream of the 3′-CS conserved region of the integron containing qacEΔ1/sul1 genes. The blaVIM-28-containing class 1 integron was found to have a chromosomal origin in both strains. In conclusion, the presence of a new variant of blaVIM, blaVIM-28, on a new organization of class 1 integron having ISPa21 increases the possibility of dissemination of resistance genes within the integron in P. aeruginosa among hospitalized patients in Egypt.
  • Masaki Yoneda, Akiko Okayama, Yoshiteru Kitahori
    原稿種別: Short Communication
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 385-388
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    We examined the incidence of oseltamivir-resistant seasonal A(H1N1) and A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza viruses from the 2007/2008 to 2012/2013 season in Nara Prefecture, Japan. To detect the oseltamivir resistance marker in neuraminidase (NA), 365 influenza viruses (60 seasonal A(H1N1) and 305 A(H1N1)pdm09) were sequenced. The H275Y mutation in the NA gene, which confers resistance to oseltamivir, was identified in 93.8% (30/32) of seasonal A(H1N1) viruses that were circulating during the 2008/2009 season. Moreover, the detection rate of oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses was 4.1% (3/74) and 2.8% (5/180) in the 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 season, respectively. Four cases of oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection occurred in the same hematology ward during the 2010/2011 season. Our data show a low frequency of oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in Nara Prefecture but suggested the possibility of human-to-human transmission of this virus.
  • Yoshihiro Yasui, Yoshio Mori, Hirokazu Adachi, Shinichi Kobayashi, Ter ...
    原稿種別: Short Communication
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 389-391
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    Between July 2012 and March 2013, a total of 133 clinical specimens from 47 patients suspected of having measles were collected for virological surveillance in Aichi Prefecture, Japan. Facing the rubella epidemic, the reverse transcription (RT)-PCR protocol for measles virus (MeV) was modified to simultaneously detect rubella virus (RUBV) in these clinical specimens. As a result, 30 specimens from 15 patients were positive for RUBV and 8 specimens from 3 patients were positive for MeV. The RUBV genotype analysis for the samples from 13 patients revealed 12 samples as 2B and 1 sample as 1E. The results provided additional evidence for the difficulty in the diagnosis of exanthematous diseases based on clinical manifestations alone and the necessity of virological diagnosis to maintain the accuracy of case-based surveillance. Furthermore, the results indicated that the modified RT-PCR protocol could be useful as a routine procedure to simultaneously detect MeV and RUBV in clinical specimens of patients suspected of having exanthematous disease caused by these viruses.
  • Shunji Matsuda, Naoko Kiyota, Masakazu Yoshizumi, Masahiro Noda
    原稿種別: Short Communication
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 392-396
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    An epidemic of parainfluenza virus type 1 (PIV1) infection occurred in a hospital ward housing patients with severe motor and intellectual disabilities. Twenty-three infected patients exhibited persistent high fever for 4–16 days and decreased lymphocyte counts. One-half of the symptomatic patients had increased blood monocyte counts and the other half progressed to bronchitis or pneumonia. We also compared levels of 27 cytokines in the sera of 21 patients during the acute and normal phases of infection. Cytokine levels were measured with a bead immunoassay performed using the Luminex Multiplex System. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-1Ra, C-C-motif chemokine (CCL) 2, and C-X-C-motif chemokine (CXCL) 10 significantly increased during the acute phase. In contrast, the serum level of CXCL8 decreased slightly. These results suggest the involvement of monocytes/macrophages and respiratory epithelial cells in the initial stage of PIV1 infection. A previous report using nasal wash samples also found a significant increase in levels of CXCL10 during the acute phase. Hence, CXCL10 may be a useful marker of a cytokine storm produced upon viral infection. However, alterations in levels of IL-1Ra, CCL2, and other cytokines differed between the 2 studies, suggesting that the cytokine profile produced systemically at viral infection is different from that produced at mucosal sites. Further analysis is required to clarify the mechanisms underlying cytokine production during PIV1 infections.
  • Ivanka Gergova, Bozhin Kamarinchev
    原稿種別: Short Communication
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 397-398
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), which is endemic in Bulgaria, is caused by the Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). The seroprevalence of CCHFV in southeastern Bulgaria was examined in this study. For this purpose, a total of 751 human blood samples were collected and examined by indirect immunofluorescence assay. In addition, a questionnaire was completed for every participant. Anti-CCHFV antibodies were detected in 3.20% (24/751) of the tested sera. None of the seropositive individuals had a history of CCHF. The results indicate that the proportion of positive findings increase with age. The significant risk factors for CCHFV infection are tick bites (18.85%, 23/122), livestock breeding (6.15%, 16/260), and residing in rural areas (6.20%, 21/339).
  • Susanna Esposito, Valeria Daccò, Cristina Daleno, Simone Gambaz ...
    原稿種別: Short Communication
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 399-401
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    Nasopharyngeal swabs obtained from 78 pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), including 47 with acute pulmonary exacerbation and 31 in a stable clinical condition, were evaluated for 17 respiratory viruses. Human rhinovirus (HRV) was the most frequently detected virus in patients with pulmonary exacerbation and in those who were clinically stable (21.3% vs. 12.9%; P = 0.52). HRV-A was the main RV detected in patients with pulmonary exacerbations. However, no prevalence of particular HRV-A subtypes was found. This study highlights that RV is frequently found in the respiratory secretions of patients with CF and the impact of HRV-A appears higher than that of the other HRV types in patients with pulmonary exacerbations.
  • Hong Lei, Ying Jiang, Di Wang, Ping Gong, Yanyan Li, Yueming Dong, Mei ...
    原稿種別: Short Communication
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 402-404
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been a public health concern since it was first identified in the United Kingdom in 1961. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of MRSA in the PLA 309 Hospital located in Beijing, China, and we determined the susceptibility of S. aureus to novel oxazolidinone analogs and 13 conventional antimicrobial agents. It was shown that drug resistant patterns were severe among the clinical isolates, and the average rate of MRSA among the S. aureus strains was 56.3%. All the S. aureus strains tested were completely susceptible to linezolid, but the minimum inhibitory concentration distribution drifted upwards. Among the novel oxazolidinone analogs, sy142 exhibited more potent antimicrobial activity than linezolid against both the standard and clinical S. aureus strains. This observation provides an impetus for the development of potential novel agents based on sy142 in the near future to combat MRSA and linezolid-resistant S. aureus.
Epidemiological Report
  • Chung-Jung Fu, Ting-Wu Chuang, Huei-Shan Lin, Chih-Hsiung Wu, Yung-Chi ...
    原稿種別: Epidemiological Report
    2014 年 67 巻 5 号 p. 405-410
    発行日: 2014年
    公開日: 2014/09/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    Although Toxoplasma gondii infection is commonly prevalent in the tropical/subtropical regions, the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) remains unclear. A seroepidemiological survey was undertaken for investigating T. gondii infection in primary school children (PSC) using the latex agglutination (LA) test in the capital area of RMI. Information on demographic characteristics and environmental risk factors was collected via a structured questionnaire. Logistic regression model was applied for multivariate analysis. The overall infection rate of T. gondii was found to be 54.8%. Significant gender differences were found at different urbanization levels. PSC with LA titers of ≥1:1,024, indicating high responders, were found to be younger age group than others (8.7 years vs. 10.3 years, P = 0.003); moreover, infection rates among both age groups as well as high responders showed a decreasing trend with age. Multivariate analysis revealed that residing in urban rather than suburban settings was associated with increased risk of infection (P = 0.04). No associations were found between raw meat consumption, drinking unboiled water, and cleaning of cat hutch using gloves. This is the first serological survey of T. gondii infection among PSC in RMI and could help in the development of strategies in the future for disease prevention and control of T. gondii transmission.
Laboratory and Epidemiology Communications
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