Previously the author reported on a new observation that the formation of antibodies is strikingly accelerated and augmented by the combined vaccination of ordinary bacterial vaccines or toxoids and purified vaccinia virus. By applying this method to the treatment of infectious diseases, a marked effect, especially in pertussis, was observed as evidenced by the following observations:

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The catalase action, especially the question of its inhibition, has been the subject of much discussion by many previous workers, (1-6) but our knowledge on the activation of the action remained scanty, and, as yet, no indisputable activator for catalase has been established. In the present paper, based on an extensive experiments on the effect of inorganic salts upon the catalase activity, the author demonstrated that certain phosphates and carbonates act as powerful activators.

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The field of the immunology is so extensive and the mechanism of the immunological reactions is so complex that no one has found it possible to induce an inclusive theory.
It seems to be too adventurous to explain the mechanism of the infection and prevention now with the aid of the chemistry and physics. But in the field of the simplest reactions, precipitation and agglutination, the recent informations of the chemistry seem to be available and the mechanism of these simple reactions will be useful for the study of the more complex one, as the most, important phenomenon, the specific combination, is common to all reactions.
At about the time when I have undertaken this work (1939), a splendia theory was advanced by Pouling (1) (1940) .
Almost all our experiments were performed just before the war, but could not be published owing to the difficult communication in the recent several years. Our results seem to almost conform to Pauling's theory, and contribute to the complex immunological reactions.
In this report an experiment to test Marrack's. Hypothesis (2) (Lattice theory) is described. Marraek's Lattice theory has been confirmed by several workers, Heidelberger (3), Topley, Wilson, and Duncan (4), but challenged by Abramson (5), Hooker and Boyd (6), and Haurowitz (7) .
Though the experiment by Topley and others is very simple the result has a great meaning in deciding whether there are two stages, specific combination and non-specific aggregation, or only one specific stage in the course of agglutination.
Topley and others found that in the mixed agglutination of two kinds of bacteria, showing no antigenic relationship, relatively large aggregates were formed, each consisting entirely of one kind of bacteria.
I not only confirmed this experiment, but also found that if two kinds of bacteria had the common antigen, the aggregates were formed by both of them.

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The previous simple experiment (1) suggests that in the course of the agglutination the bacteria and the agglutinin bind themselves specifically and then the antigen-antibody compounds grow larger, binding the others or the floating bacteria and agglutinin specifically. Now to find the structure of the bacteria-agglutinin compound in detail, the quantitative relation between the bacteria and the binding agglutinin was studied.
Many workers (2) reported that the quantity of the antibody could be estimated by measurung the nitrogen content of the antigen-antibody compound, and particularly Heidelberger (3-5) has published the splendid quantitative results. The quantitative relation between the surface area and the agglutinin experimentally obtained by us, not only confirms my previous experiment, but also suggests the configuration and the size of the antibody and further the place where the agglutinin attachs itself to the bacteria.

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As described in the previous report (1), there is the relation between the root of the redness, d, and the potency of the tuberculin, p, √d=α+βlogp (α and β are constants), and on the basis of this relation the potency of the test tuberculin can be calculated. But this method of calculation is considerably perplexing as stated in the previous report.
Now the potency of penicillin is usually measured by the cup method and the error due to this process is remarkably small, for example its standard deviation is about 2% in our laboratory (2) .
This cup method rests on the basis of the following relation (3), d=a+blogc (d is the diameter of the inhibition zone, c the potency of penicilin, a and b are constants) .Now there is a similarity between the potency test of tuberculin and penicillin.
In the international method of testing the potency of tuberculin several dilutions (1: 500, 1: 1000, 1: 2000, and 1: 4000) of both the test and the standard tuberculin are injected into the skin of the sensitized guinea pigs. But, if only two, dilutions, for example 1: 500 and 1: 1000 or 1: 500 and 1: 2000, are injected instead of several dilutions, then from the roots of the diameters of the redness obs rved after twenty four hours the potency of the test tuberculin can be calculated in the same way as in the case of penicilin.
In this report this new method and the error due to this method are described.

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This work has been performed from February 1944 to March 1945 at the Government Institute for Infectious Diseases.
With the news of the remarkable therapeutic effect of penicillin in England and America the Japanese Penicillin Research Committee was organized by many investigators in the fields of medicine, agriculture, botany and chemistry in February 1944. Since that time, as one of the members, we have set about penicillin study. By the cooperation of T. Yabuta, Prof, of the Division of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo Imperial University, K. Sakaguchi, Prof, of the other Laboratory of the same Division, T. Tamiya, Prof, of the Division of Hygieiie, T. Imp. Univ., and us four strains of penicillia, No. 176, No. 233, No. U-33 and No. H-9, which produce antibacterial substances, were isolated after the examination of many molds. Then we began to try to extract. the antibacterial substances from 176, 233 and U-33 strains. Since the culture liquid of H-9 was toxic for mice, studies on this strain were abandoned for sometime.
The antibacterial substance of these three strains were extracted with ether at pH 2 and then with phosphate buffer at pH 7, as Raistrick and others described about penleillin, and it was observed in September 1944 that this buffer solution was therapeutically active against pneumococcal infection of mice.
Then by co-operation with Prof. Sumio Umezawa, at the Industrial Chemical Department of Keio Univdrsity, the active element was purified in October 1944, up to the yellow crystalline powder as its calcium salt which inhibited completely the growth of Stapliyl-ococeus aureus (Terajima strain) at the dilution 1 : 3, 200, 000 and which showed chemical properties (the elemental analysis and the colour reactions) similar to the results reported by Catch, Cook and Heilbron. This was the first successful purification work of penicillin in Japan.
Details are as follows.

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Phenylacetic acid is usually added to culture media, in order to increase the penicillin production. This effect is explained by assuming that the phenylacetic acid is utilized as one component of penicillin (1.2) . Then it can be expected that its derivatives may also increase the penicillin production and make the special penicillin. But from our experiment it seems that almost all the penicillin produced in the culture media added with paranitro-, paraamino-, or paraoxy-phenyl-acetic acid is the ordinary natural penicillin, even though they can increase the penicillin production.

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The influence of penicillin on the respiration of bacteria has been studied and already described in Wettstein's review (1, 1944) . Schuler reported that the respiration of resting bacteria was not interfered by penicillin but inhibited in the growing stadium. In our experiments oxygen uptake in resting stage did not receive any effect of penicillin, but in the growhig stage began to decrease after two hours when penicillin was added. On the contrary, however, patulin interfered with the oxygen uptake in both the resting and growing stages. It can be said that the effect of penicillin is bacteriostatic and that of patulin bactericidal. This conclusion was also supported by other experiments, counting the number of the remaining living cells.

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