Survey of the mosquito and the trial to isolate Japanese B encephalitis (JBE) virus from the mosquito collected in nature had been undertaken throughout the year 1941 in Okayama. Similar attempts were carried out repeatedly since the summer of 1937 (1, 2, 3) in Okayama City.

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Seasonal fluctuation of mosquito collected in nature and biting experiment with the mosquito to see if and how high the mosquito in nature was infectious of Japanese B encephalitis virus in Okayama City have been studied during the period between May and early December 1942. The similar investigations have been repeatedly made since the summer in 1937 (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ) .

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Poliomyelitis (polio) has become to draw attention among the physicians in Japan since September, 1947, when it was to be reported by regulation. The reported cases have thereafter been much increased in number in Tokyo, and the outbreak of polio epidemic was reported one after the other in the Prefectures of Aomori, Yamagata and Hokkaido in 1949. The disease had, however, apparently been prevailing in various districts long before, including the outbreak of epidemic in Osaka-Kobe area in 1938-39 (Kasahara^{(1, 2, 3)}) together with sporadic cases in various other districts as described by Kawamura and Pau1. Although polio seems prevalent throughout the year, it is more frequently reported during the summer season. Its epidemic breaks out usually a bit earlier than that of Japanese B encephalitis (Kuriyaina), however, those two are often reported unspecified, as it is rather difficult to identify clinically one from the other during the acute stage, although the confirmatory diagnosis can easily be made at the latest stage of the diseases.
It is said that the mental disturbances are found peculiar in encephalitis and not in polio, however, both two diseases are found much varied in the clinical signs and sometimes show similar symptoms at the acute stage. Abortive form and unapparent infection are found common in two diseases. Anyway it is sometimes impossible to differentiate non-paralytic polio from the other.
Both causative agents for polio and encephalitis are, in despite of exhibiting often similar symptoms each other, said to be different through the discrepancies between two diseases in epidemiological and clinical findings in the typical cases as well as through; the difference in the animal spectrum for two viruses, however, no cross immunologicall study has yet been carried out. Well an attempt has been made to differentiate eachh other by means of cross protection test.

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About ten year ago it was believed that poliomyelitis (polio) was spread through nasal infection as it was provable by experimental evidence that the virus could easily be introduced into animals through the nasal route. The absence of lesions in the olfactory tract of the patients, however, favors the mouth insted of the nose as the route of entry. Furthermore the facts that the virus can often be isolated from both throat washing and stool of the patient as well as of healthy lookikg persons exposed to the patient, from the sewage in epidemic area, from house-flies collected in the quarters where the disease broke out and from some food stuff infested with such houseflies strongly suggest that human beings are infected by alimentary tract. This opinion is supported by the two more facts, one is that a monkey, macacus cynomolgus is highly susceptible for polio when introduced per os. and the other the distrubution of polio virus in the patient body. Anyway it has been clear that the virus spreading around our life may eventually cause the disease by oral or especially intestinal infection through the many ways among those predisposed to it (Lawson (1) ) .
The epidemic of polio is found, on the other hand, occurring chiefly during the summer season though sporadic cases are reported throughout the year. It looks cleserving attention once again in possibility of the virus being spread by insects.
Howard (2), Noguchi (3), Simmous (4) and Cornell (5) have respectively carried out experiments regarding mosquitoes and all of them reported the negative result. Our biting experiment with the mosquito also failed in proving positive in three rhesus monkeys. But in 1940 the virus “Stanley LA” strain was found in mosquito body for a period of 19 to 23 days after artifically infected (6) . It requires further observations on transmission of the virus with mosquito before mosquito is said innocent of spreading the disease.

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There have been presented many theories concerning the mechanism of Gram stain, and its technique has also been modified by numerous investigators. I found, however, none about the correlation between Hofineister's series and Gram stain being studied as yet. The former is called as“Lyotrophic series”and is so important in the colloidchemistry and many other biological phenomena.
This communication reports the beautiful correlation between them and some new staining techiques without using iodine, though inferior to that using it.

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In the studies on the mechanism of immunity reactions, Umezawa (1) criticized the comparative merits of two-stage theory of Bordet and the lattice theory proposed by Marrack (2) . His results were reasonably explained by the latter.
It is an essential assumption of the lattice theory that antibodies and antigens must be multivalent to each other, in order to form a framework structure of antigen-antibody complex. One molecule of antibody must possess at least two sites with which it combines antigens. Meanwhile the two-stage theory can explain the formation of precipitates if the antibody is monovalent. The multivalency of antigens was ascertained experimentally by many authors (3-5) . While the problem of the valency of antibody, though it holds sway over the justification of these two theories, had not been decided directly by the time when I undertook the following experiment (1946) . The multivalency of antibody was ascertained by my experiment as follows.
When a rabbit is immunized with horse serum globulin (G) coupled with a simple substance of known chemical structure (a) as a determinant group, it is always observedd that heterogenous antibodies are produced in its serum. If antibodies are bivalent, they may be grouped into next three types, if such are actually produced.
(i) Both combining sites are specific to (a) .
(ii) Both combining sites are specific to (G) .
(iii) One site of combination is specific to (a), while the other is specific to (G) .
If, on the contrary, antibodies are monovalent, their single combining site will be
(i') specific to (a), or
(ii') specific to (G), or
(iii') specific to the linkage of (a) and (G) .
Suppose simple hapten (A) containing the above group (a), is added to the antiserum. Then in the former case, it should bind with antibodies of the types (i) and (iii), while in the latter case with (i') and (iii'), but no precipitate will be formed in both cases.
Then add horse serum globulin to the mixture. If antibodies are bivalent, antibodies of type (ii) are of course precipitated with globulin molecules. But also those of type (iii), only one combining site of which binds with (A), will be taken up into the framework of antigen-antibody complexes with the remaining site, and hence the formed precipitates will contain the hapten (A) . Meanwhile if antibodies are monovalen, those of type (iii'), not to speak of those of type (i'), can not bind with (G), on account of the spacial expulsion of previously bound hapten (A) . Therefore precipitates will consist of (G) and (ii') alone, and substance (A) will not be found in them, except those adsorbed on them non-specifically.
Thus. when a dye or an easily detectable substance is employed as hapten (A), the valency of antibody can be decided clearly from the colour or analysis of the precipitates. Upon this basis, I made the following experiment. Antibodies were found to possess at least two combining sites and form framework structured precipitates with antigens.

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It has been previously known by Tanaka and Morita (1948) in our laboratory that, immediately after subjecting the animal to cold, caused a slight increase in body temperature and pulse rate, and a suppression of cerebral potential fluctuations. They called these phenomena “vital reactions by exposure to cold”.
The experiments presented here were undertaken 1) to investigate these “vital reactions” more accurately and 2) to observe, what behavior the animal would reveal on subsequent warming after exposing to cold.
The effects of cold upon living bodies have been studied so far by many workers. Ogata (1942) was the first to observe a temporary slight increase in body temperature following exposure of man to cold environment and a temporary decrease in body temperature, when the subject was placed back again in normal room temperature. And he called these paradoxical body temperature changes “initial rise” “initial fall” respectively.
The same phenomena observed in rabbits were reported by Itoh and others (1944) . The electrocardiographical changes by cold stimulus were studied by Murata (1939) . Bremer (1935) and Kornmüller (1935) demonstrated a suppression of cortical potential fluctuations by cold. Consequently the individual phenomena, of which “the vital reactions” are composed, are not new, but well known. However it seems here necessary to summarize in a conception of “vital reactions by exposure to cold” these phenomena detected so far and others might come to light by future study.

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It is well known since Hippocrates that orchitis is one of the complications in mumps. Mohr (1), Nagel (2), Flaum (3) and H. J. John (4) advocated the theory of explaining the salivary glands as internal secretory organs after recognizing clinically that hypertrophy of parotid glands is a common symptom in hormonal diseases, but their theory was based merely on few case-reports and lack experimental criteria. Furthermore, Goljanitzki (5), Mansfeld (6), Uchitnura (7) and Ogata (8) discussed the theory of internal secretion of salivary glands, illustrating the results of their animal experiments, but it must be noted there are many discrepancies in their results.
Accordingly, it can be assumed that no one has yet established the theory of internal secretion of salivary glands both clinically and experimentally.
Because of extreme shortage of insulin in Japan during 1946, Takaoka applied, instead of insulin treatment, X-ray irradiation on thyroid glands of diabetic patients. In February 1947, Takaoka noticed for the first time the symmetrical and non-inflammatory swelling of bilateral parotid glands in a young diabetic patient whose symptom was exacerbated during the daily irradiation. After observing the similar hypertrophy of parotid glands of two other diabetics successively in March and May, we started to make a research on the theory of internal secretion of salivary glands. This report is to describe the gist of our research.

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S. griseus is a wellknown species of streptomyces, and its range was first described by Krainsky (1), thereafter by Waksman 1919 (2), and recently in Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (1948) . At present Waksman's compilation in the above latest book seems to be widely accepted, however the detailed studies of this species which are due to the necessities for streptomycin production indicate that, though the strains producing streptomycin or grisein conform to the descirption of S. griseus in most of all characters, among these strains there are several differences which divide. them into three types. During examining 47 strains of streptomycin-producing S. gyiseus, 5 strains of grisein-producing S. griseus and 4 pink-pigment-producing S. griseus, the writer found following varieties.
(1) The typic S. griseus,
(2) The pink-pigment producing S. griseus, and
(3) The strains which do not produce yellow pigment when they grow on potato plug.
Moreover, from the point of the antibiotic production there are various varieties such as producing streptomycin, grisein, other antibiotics or none.
The character of producing pink pigment is very stable and noticeable so that it is thought to be an important specific character differentiating the strain as a special type. The streptomycin-producing ability is also thought as an special character indicating a special type. Then the others such as grisein-producing will be the other type.
The effect of actinophages are rather strain specific, however, it seems to be worthy for the differentiating the types. An actinophage does not attack all streptomycin producing strains. The utilization of sugars seems to be an important point of differentiating types. As described in the previous paper (3) the above typingg is also sustained by experiments of sugar utilization.

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