These two types of food poisoning have few features in common. They are both due to ingestion by man of specific toxins released through bacterial multiplication in foodstuffs before consumption. Also, these toxins act primarily upon the central nervous system, though on quite different areas of it, and with results which, in the case of enterotoxin (as its name implies) mostly affect the gastro-intestinal tract. Again, certain foodstuffs, notably hams and prepared meats, are prone to convey either of these types of bacterial intoxication. But these similarities are greatly outweighed by the contrasts between the two conditions, which will be emphasized in a brief review under various headings.

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The first known occurrence of type E botulism took place in the late summer of 1932, in the eastern United states. At Cooperstown, N. Y., a 15-year old girl died, and her parents became ill, after eating uncooked salmon which had been caught and smoked in Labrador. The toxicity of portions of the fish for laboratory animals was demonstrated, but efforts to isolateClostridium botulinumwere initially unsuccessful (MacKenzie, 1934) .
Two years later, a similar episode occurred in Westchester County, N. Y., in which canned sprats imported from Germany were implicated. From remnants of fish in the can, Hazen isolated at the New York Department of Health Laboratories, Albany, a strain ofCl. botulinumnot classifiable as type A, B or C; and the main characteristics of this apparently new type were described by her in 1937 (Hazen, 1937) . Meanwhile, in 1936, Gunnison, Cummings and Meyer (1936), at the University of California, San Francisco, had proposed the designation type E for 6 cultures ofCl. botulinumforwarded to Dr. Meyer for identification by Doctors Bier and Kushnir of the Bacteriological Institute at Dniepropetrovsk, in the Soviet Ukraine. These cultures had been isolated, in the course of microflora surveys, from the intestines and muscle of sturgeon caught in the Sea of Azov (Dolman and Chang, 1953) . Soon afterwards, Hazen was able to verify that her sprat strain, and likewise a strain eventually isolated from the Labrador salmon, shared the chief properties of the tvne E cultures from Russia (Hazen, 1938) .
The findings of the past 20 years reinforce the earlier evidence, which already suggested a special liability of fish to serve as vehicle for type E botulism in widely separated parts of the world. But by now it is clear that the flesh of marine mammals must be grouped with fish and fish products as potential sources of type E botulism for man, and also that this rare disease has a relatively high incidence in certain areas. Moreover, many of the reasons for these peculiarities are becoming plain.
To date there have been 36 known outbreaks of type E botulism, affecting a total of 158 persons, of whom 65, or 40 per cent, died. In 29 of these episodes, the flesh of raw or improperly cooked fish was implicated, on both epidemiological and bacteriological grounds; while raw fish eggs, and the meat of white whale (beluga) or seal, each caused 3 outbreaks. Geographically, type E botulism so far has been confined to the Northern Hemisphere, with a marked predilection for Japan and Canada. In Canada, since 1944 there have been 6 proven episodes, involving 20 persons, with 15 deaths, a case fatality rate of 75 per cent. Five of these occurrences were in British Columbia (4 on the Pacific coast, the other some 300 miles inland), and one on the coast of Labrador. At least 2 other type E outbreaks have occurred on the north-west coast of Alaska in the last 6 years. In the same period, no fewer than 23 outbreaks have been identified in Japan, 7 of which were in northern Honshu, and 16 in the most northerly and least inhabited island of Hokkaido. Altogether 31 outbreaks, or six-sevenths of the known total, have occurred in regions bordering the North Pacific Ocean and contiguous waters. This brief historical review may serve as introductory background to a consideration of some of the apparent mechanisms and unsolved problems in the epidemiology, pathogenesis and prevention of type E botulism.

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Several cytopathogenic agents have already been reported to be isolated from upper respiratory illnesses (Price, 1956; Chanock, 1956; Pelon, Mogabgab, Phillips and Pierce, 1957) besides adenovirus group. During the studies of adenovirus infections and other respiratory illnesses, a cytopathogenic agent has been isolated by the present authors from an infant suffering from a febrile illness accompanied with pharyngitis. The present paper is to describe a report of the patient and certain characteristics of the isolated agent.

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Current knowledge of the clinical significance of the adenoviruses has been well summarized by Rowe and Huebner (1956) . In previous papers we have reported several cases of pharyngoconjunctival fever associated with certain types of the adenoviruses and in addition a case of pharyngoconjunctival fever with measles-like rash (Fukumi, Nishikawa, Nakamura, Watanabe, Kitayama and Fujita, 1957; Fukumi, Nishikawa, Kokubu and Nakayama, 1957) . In these cases, one of their cardinal symptoms was conjunctivitis besides upper respiratory inflammations, regardless of the presence or the absence of the typical rash.
However, there have been reported many cases associated with adenoviruses which show pharyngitis or other respiratory illnesses not accompanied with eye involvement. For instance, a portion of acute respiratory disease (ARD) and atypical pneumonia in military recruits were reported to be due to a type of the adenoviruses (type 4) (Hilleman and Werner, 1954; Hilleman, Werner, Adair and Dreisbach, 1955; Ginsberg, Badger, Dingle, Jordan and Katz, 1955) . Type 3 adenovirus is known to be most specifically associated with pharyngoconjunctival fever (Bell, Rowe, Engler, Parrott and Huebner, 1955; Parrot, Rowe, TEIuebner, Bernton and McCullough, 1954), land our previous report (Fukumi, Nishikawa, Nakamura, Watanabe, Kitayama and Fujita, 1957) also points to the same direction. But, the association of type 3 adenovirus with pharyngitis not accompanied by conjunctivitis was reported, too, by Ginsberg, Gold, Jordan, Katz; Badger and Dingle (1955), and by Kjellen (1955) . This type of virus was incriminated also for ARD and a type of primary atypical pneumonia by Berge, England, Mauris, Shuey and Lennette (1955) .
During the course of our studies of adenovirus infections, we encountered household cases of bronchitis with no conjunctival involvements presumed to be associated with type 3 adenovirus. The present paper is to be devoted to the detailed description of these patients and further some additional descriptions will be made about the cases of pharyngocon j unctival fever encountered by us since those cases mentioned in the previous papers (Fukumi, Nishikawa, Nakamura, Watanabe, Kitayama and Fujita, 1957; Fukumi, Nishikawa, Kokubu and Nakayama, 1957) .

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As has been discussed in the previous papers (Nitta, 1957a, b), HeLa cell is one of materials useful for studies of mode of action of antitumor substances and for their screening studies. As presented in the same papers, antibiotics which are active in antitumor effect against Ehrlich carcinoma were also active against HeLa cells growing in tissue culture, and those which were inactive to animal tumors and low toxic to mice were none or very weak in anti-HeLa-cell activities. The results of experiments testing anti-HeLa-cell effect of known synthetic antitumor substances are presented in this paper. Nitrogen mustard group substances and ethylenimine group substances exhibited strong anti-HeLa-cell activity but 8-azaguanine and 6-mercaptopurine were almost inactive.

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Umezawa and others (1953) found that the cultured broth of a streptomyces resemblingS. erythrochrornogeneswas destructive to Yoshida sarcoma cells of rat and inhibited the mitosis of the cells, then they extracted the active substance and designated it as sarkomycin. They also found that sarkomycin inhibited the increase of tumorous ascites in mice and prolonged the survival period of mice bearing Ehrlich ascitic carcinoma or ascitic sarcoma 180. Afterward, sarkomycin was found to comprise sarkomycin A, A' and B through counter current distribution with chloroform-tartarate buffer system and the A was found to be principal component of sarkomycin. Takeuchi (1954) observed the reduction of bacteriostatic effect and toxicity of sarkomycin by sulfhydryl compounds. Sarkomycin has a tendency to polymerise readily to lose the activity ; Maeda and Kondo (1958) observed the transformation of sarkomycin into inactive crystal Z under the presence of formic acid. Searching for a stable sample, Hara and others (1956) obtained sarkomycin-INAH, a condensation product with isonicotinic acid hydrazide. Tatsuoka and others (1956) found that sarkomycin reacted with hydrogen sulfide to give sarkomycin S₁. On the other hand, since the determination of the structure of sarkomycin A by Hooper and others (1955), syntheses of sarkomycin derivatives have been also investigated.
The present author concluded in the previous study (Nitta, 1957b) that the tissue culture of HeLa cells may be available for the study of antitumor substances. Then, the author tested sarkomycin A, A' and B for the anti-HeLa activity, and in consideration of the instability of sarkomycin he examined the effect of the renewal of the sarkomycin in the medium. The author also investigated the influence of sulfhydryl compounds on anti-HeLa effect of sarkomycin. Furthermore, he tested sarkomycin derivatives for the inhibitory activity to growing HeLa cells. The results are described in this paper.

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The present paper reports three new echinostome cercariae with a review of known 18 spp. of Japanese echinostome cercariae. They were found from the brackish water snails collected from a muddy seashore at Urayasu during the past years from 1944 to 1952. One of these, Cercaria pseudograniferan. sp., bearing a strong resemblance toCercaria graniferaOgata, 1943, differed from it in detailed morphological features. Another species, Cercaria ophthalmoechinatan. sp. was a peculiar echinostome type in possession of one pair of eye spot. It was found on two occasions from the snail, Tympanotonus microptera.A third species, Cercaria yamagutiin. sp., characterized by possessing one pair of side branched excretory tube, was found in many occasions in 1944 but rapidly decreased the infection rate in subsequent years of investigation. Materials and methods were omitted here since they were given in details in the former papers of this series (Ito, 1956a; 1956b) .

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Tammet al., Folkerset al. (1951, 1953) examined extensively an antiinfluenza virus action of 2-substituted benzimidazole derivatives and reported a marked effect of isopropyl and n-butyl derivatives among 2-alkylsubstituted benzimidazole. They did not report the effect of the higher alkyl substitution. They considered at first these substances as an antimetabolite against vitamin B₁₂ (N-α-D-ribofuranoside) and finally reported that 5, 6-dichloro-N-β-ribo-furanoside was the most effective (Tammet al., 1954, 1956) . Allfreyet al. (1957) described that this substance was an antimetabolite of RNA inhibiting a labelled amino acid incorporation into the nucleus of calf thymus tissue.
Antitumor effect of benzimidazole is not so marked (Skipperet al., 1950; Bieseleet al., 1951; Mantegazzaet al., 1951; Flintet al., 1953) . However, we intended to synthesize the derivatives of benzimidazole which can possibly be a purine antimetabolite. Therefore, we did not consider 5, 6- but 4, 6-substituted derivatives and N-β-riboside instead of α-riboside aiming at the adenosine and guanosine which contain N-β-riboside.
The present paper deals with the results testing the antitumor effect of 2-substituted benzimidazole and of its 6-nitro derivatives newly synthesized by us. Nucleosides analogues are now being synthesized.

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The Chinese Government made a national project to eradicate schistosomiasis in that country within 7 or 10 years to follow and requested an aid of Japanese parasitologists. The following is a recommendatory note made by the delegation as a result of the observation and survey in several endemic areas in that country.

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