Adverse effects possibly due to the active clotting factors are sometimes reported upon administration of some preparations of Factor IX complex having conformed to the specifications in the Japanese Minimum Requirements for Biological Products. The author, therefore, proposed the revision of the test method for the absence of active clotting factors in the Minimum Requirements by introducing calcium ion into the test medium.

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The amounts of endotoxin, histamine-sensitizing factor and lymphocytosis-promoting factor contained in combined diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus and combined diphtheria-pertussis vaccines recently produced in Japan were determined and the relationships among them were statistically analyzed.
The estimated values in histamine-sensitizing units (HSU) and lymphocytosispromoting units (LPU) per human dose ranged from 0.3 to 6 and from 0.4 to 5, respectively. A fairly wide range of endotoxin contents, which were expressed in body weight-decreasing units (BWDU), was also demonstrated. All the ranges were larger than those expected from experimental error.
There was a positive correlation between the HSU and LPU values although the individual HSU-LPU ratios ranged from 0.3 to 3, but the range was markedly larger than the width of the 95% confidence interval of the mean ratio. Negative correlation between BWDU and LPU was also significant, probably because of the relatively large number degrees of freedom, though the coefficient was fairly small; while that between BWDU and HSU was not significant.
The frequency distribution of individual values of HSU was divided into two lognormal distributions. With one of the two groups obtained by this subdivision, a distinct positive correlation between HSU and LPU was demonstrated, but with the other group there was little correlation. Some differences between the two groups were also found in the correlations between BWDU and the other two variates. No factors responsible for the separation of the groups have yet been found.

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The effects of the route of injection and adjuvants on the immune response of guinea pigs were investigated at various stages of immune response to tetanus toxoid. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DH) was observed as the first immune response to the toxoid before initiation of antitoxin production. The DH reaction was weak when plain toxoid was administered subcutaneously. Water-in-oil in water (w/o/w) enhanced greatly the reactivity of the immunized animals; pertussis vaccine, endotoxin and aluminium showed adjuvanticities in this order. The foot pad (fp) injection of plain toxoid promoted remarkably the induction of DH. The reactivity was enhanced considerably by w/o/w and to a less extent by aluminium. However, pertussis vaccine showed an adverse effect on DH by the fp route. Active cutaneous anaphylaxis (ACA) induced by the subcutaneous route was enhanced by w/o/w, endotoxin, pertussis vaccine and, to a less extent, by aluminium. The fp route com-pared with the sc route enhanced ACA by plain toxoid; w/o/w and aluminium but not endotoxin and the vaccine showed adjuvanticities. The influences of adjuvants and the route of injection on Arthus reactions were inconsistent.
The effect of adjuvants on antitoxin production was quite different from that on DH when antitoxin was produced abundantly. Aluminium showed consistently a potent adjuvanticity, but the activities of w/o/w, endotoxin and pertussis vaccine were inconsistent 4-6 weeks after the primary stimulus by the subcutaneous route. The adjuvant effect became less significant in the secondary response. The fp route was more favorable for antitoxin production than the subcutaneous route with most adjuvants except pertussis vaccine added to tetanus toxoid.
Antitoxin production by plain toxoid was very poor when administered intraperitoneally; aluminium and w/o/w but not endotoxin showed a remarkable adjuvanticity for the antitoxin production.

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Ortho- and paramyxoviruses were isolated at high frequencies from cloacal and tracheal samples of 334 domestic and 161 migrating ducks in Miyagi and Akita Prefectures, Japan, in the winter of 1976-77. Forty-four hemagglutinating agents were isolated from these ducks. The frequency of virus isolation was much higher from the cloacal samples (6.3%) than the tracheal samples (2.6%) . However, no significant difference was found in the isolation ratio between the domestic (7.8%) and migrating (6.8%) ducks. Nine strains of the hemagglutinating agents were identified as influenza A viruses and confirmed to be in pure form by complementfixation (CF) tests and from their polypeptide profiles. The antigenic characterization of the influenza A viruses revealed the presence of several subtypes; Hav5Nav-2-3, Hav6Neg2, Hav6N2, Hav7Neg2 and Hav7N2.

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Attenuated rubella virus, strain Cendehill, was found to produce small, distinct and ring-shaped plaques in Vero cell cultures. This finding was utilized to develop a semi-micro plaque neutralization test for a rubella antibody in 14 cm×9 cm (24 wells) plastic trays. The procedure represents a reproducible and economical way to measure rubella neutralizing antibody.

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Exposure of a weakly immunogenic nickel sulfide-induced Fischer rat tumor to Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase inhibited tumor growth in normal recipients. These recipients were found to be more resistant to a subsequent tumor inoculation.

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Distribution of specific immune-response (Ir) genes controlling responsiveness to synthetic polypeptide antigens, homopolymer of poly-L-lysine (PLL), copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-alanine (GA) and copolymer of L-glutamic acid and L-tyrosine (GT), and limiting doses of 2, 4-dinitrophenyl guinea pig serum albumin (DNP-GPA) was surveyed in new inbred strains of guinea pigs, JY 1, JY 2, JY 9 and JY 10, established in this Institute. The PLL gene was not found in any of the guinea pigs. The GA gene was found in JY 1 and JY 2 guinea pigs and the GT gene in all the guinea pigs. The gene controlling responsiveness to low doses (1 μg) of DNP-GPA was found in JY 1, JY 9 and JY 10 guinea pigs. The association between specific Ir genes and individual specificities of I-region associated (Ia) antigens was discussed.

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