Following the isolation of cardiolipin antigen by M.C. Pangborn^{1, 2} and clarification of its chemical structure, cardiolipin-cholesterol antigen has become very popular³ in this country. The seroreaction with cardiolipin is now the most superior serodiagnostic measure based on “reagin”. There are reports^{4, 5, 6} stating that false positive reactions have decreased through the introduction of cardiolipin-antigen, but there are also some reports⁷ warning the overestimation of its reliability. Long period of observation is necessary before coming to any conclusion. As the result of the mass survey extensively made in the United States after the War, the problem of false positive reaction came up and attacks on its real cause have been undergoing. This problem is not the problem only in the United States. Eberson (1921) ⁸, Tani (1936) ⁹, and Turner (1939) ^{10, 11} studied and reported about spirocheticidal antibody in the serum of immunized animal. Nelson and Mayer et al^{12, 13, 14} demonstrated this antibody in vitro, which was named as Treponema Pallidum Immobilization Test (T.P.I. test) . Further studies by Nelson et al, Magnuson, and later by Levaditi et al¹⁷ in France proved this method as an excellent diagnostic measure of syphilis. We have encountered with frequent discrepancies in the results of several serodiagnostic methods in our routine laboratory tests.¹⁹ If such a complicated and much expensive and time consuming technique of T.P.I. test can be simplified so as to serve as a routine laboratory test, the difficulties we have had in the diagnosis of syphilis would be much decreased. We investigated the T.P.I. test from the practical point of view. Fukawa^{20, 21} reported twice on the device of techniques, cultivation and on the discrepant results. Reported in the following are the survival tests of Treponema pallidum (T.P.) .

抄録全体を表示

The nutritional requirements of the Genus Salmonella, especially of such particular members as S. typhi, S, gallinarum and S. pullorum, etc, have long been investigated.
Salmonella organisms were classified by Hohn et al. into two categories, Ammonium strong and Ammonium weak, according to their ability to grow in the ammonium synthetic medium.
In 1946 Lederberg and Tatum studied with a number of strains of Salmonella to determine their nutritional requirements in an attempt to deal with genetic analysis of bacteria and demonstrated that the majority of them possess no growth factor requirements, whereas the other strains require various amino acids and vitamins. However, the growth requirements of S. typhi suis and S. abortus ovis, as well as one strain out of each of S. paratyphi A and S. paratyphi B, were left undetermined.
In the present paper will be discussed the results obtained from the experiments upon the nitrogeneous requirements of 144 strains of Salmonella, with the purpose of verification of the supposition that the nutritional requirements of microorganisms may be related to their pathogenicity or parasitism.

抄録全体を表示

Until several years ago, the term “Paracolon bacteria” had been designated for such bacteria as differed biochemically from Escherichia groups, showing comparatively slow velocity of lactose fermentation. The recent, extensive analyses of those heterogeneous “Paracolon” resulted in the establishment of the Arizona, Ballerup and Bethesda groups .
The present studies were intended to investigate the nutritional requirements of these three groups of Paracolon bacteria which taxonomically occupy a position between Escherichia and Salmonella.

抄録全体を表示

It is well known that Schistosoma japonicumtakes almost all mammals as its hosts, while there exists a difference in susceptibility between these hosts (Fujinami and Nakamura 1907, Tanaka 1925, Saito 1935, Kikuchi 1941 & 1942, Cram and Files 1947, Cram and Figgat 1947, Moore et al 1949, Yolles et al 1949, Yokogawa et al 1950, Tanaka et al 1951, Meleney et al 1952 & 1953, Ito 1953 & 1954, etc.) . The author et al (1950) already reported that the worms from rabbits and mice produced numerous eggs in their feces, whereas, those from guinea pigs and rats produced relatively few eggs in them.
The purpose of this study was to determine in more details the suitability of common laboratory animals as experimental hosts for S. japonicum. The criteria used as a basis for comparing one animal with another were the percentage worm recovery in each host, the distribution of worms in them, the development and survival of worms in them and the pathological changes of the host. These criteria except the pathological changes were reported in the first chapter as “ecology of worms”. The pathological changes of the hosts in the liver, intestines, lungs, heart, kidneys and spleen were described in the next chapter.

抄録全体を表示

In studying the life history of the chicken tapeworm, it is quite important for us to investigate the process of development and period from a cysticercoid to a mature tapeworm in its host. But up to the present, little study has been made on the former, while on the latter only the following has been touched; the period—from the time when a cysticercoid enters into the chick to the first excretion of the separated segments from its host—is regarded as the period of development in which a cysticercoid develops into a mature tapeworm. However, when a chick is infested with many tapeworms, it is doubtful which tapeworm will develop into a mature one and separate segments, and moreover, when we observe the first separated segments, we are apt to overlook them, so it is much more trustworthy to determine the period of development in which a cysticercoid develops into a mature tapeworm in the shape of the terminal segment of each of the tapeworms collected through cutting open the small intestine of the chick than to determine it by the excretion of the first separated segment from its host.
In 1938 Luttermoser observed the terminal segments of Raillietina cesticillus by comparing with one another and he named the terminal segment of the tapeworm, which developed into a mature tapeworm with its first terminal segment as yet unseparated“the original terminal segment”, and described that the original terminal segment had its special shape which was different from other segments of the strobila, but he mentioned nothing about it in detail.
The author, therefore, observed the shape of the original terminal segment of R. (P.) kashiwarensis, and made the result of the observation a factor for determining the period of development in which a cysticercoid developed into a mature tapeworm.

抄録全体を表示

Kumagai and Kurokochi in 1949 reported at the convention and in the journal of the Japan Infectious Disease Association on“A New Diagnosis of Japanese Encephalitis”. By the results of various observations, fatty acids were considered to be present in the spinal fluid of Japanese encephalitis patients, and this was measured by utilizing Klink's method.
Klink reported it practicable to quantitate butylic acid by acidifying it with an aqueous solution of hydrogen peroxide and a sulphuric acid solution of iron alum, steam distilling the acetone obtained thereby, and employing either the iodide method or by means of a nephelometer with Scott-Wilson reagent. He stated that the value obtainable thereby would not be quantitative if inorganic matters or other higher fatty acids were present but would be quantitative if there was the presence of lower fatty acids of 4 or less carbon atoms.
Having incidentally come across an article by K. Hinsberg in the Medizinische Chemie, 1938, S. 238, that the Klink method was employed in quantitating butylic acid of the body fluid, we have tried this method on the spinal fluid of patients with Japanese encephalitis. Marked increase of fatty acids in the spinal fluid was observed. We reported this increase to be the only sign that enables the diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis.
In the year 1950, in a medical publication in Japan, Kurokochi reported on the same phenomenon, and named it as“Momoyama phenomenon”, its reaction“Momoyama reaction”, and the value“Momoyama value”. He stressed that it reliably enables early diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis.
Stimulated by the above mentioned report, a few more diagnostic methods along the similar line have been developed by other investigators. Diagnosis of Japanese encephalitis by means of spinal fluid examination has thereby achieved great advance.
In an intention of investigating Momoyama phenomenon, we have continued our study from various angles. The first was the study in the rise and fall of amino acids in the spinal fluid, by means of paper chromatography. It was known therefrom that presence of essential amino acids in the spinal fluid of patients with Japanese encephalitis meant a grave prognosis, often ending in fatal termination or a prolonged course of the disease. Ascertained also was the fact that amino acids increased during the chronic stage of the disease, but could not be differentiated from the controls during the first days after onset of the disease.
With a view of finding out if fatty acids were present, we carried out paper chromatography of hydrazides of fatty acids. This study led to a very interesting result, which is described herebelow.

抄録全体を表示

It has long been known that the cytolysis occurs in the tissues, including white blood cells in circulating blood, sensitized with tubercle bacilli when they are added with Old Tuberculin. Amongst many reports concerned to this phenomenon, the studies by Favour et al are considered to be the most advanced, because they studied the phenomenon systematically in vitro from. both experimental and clinical viewpoints. They are also of the opinion that the cytolysis might be caused by the antigen-antibody reaction due to the interaction between the sensitized white blood cells and tuberculin. Therefore, they proposed to consider “Plasma factor” as the lytic factor which is contained in the euglobulin fraction of serum, and which is heat labile in nature. They mainly employed PPD solution in high concentrations such as 1: 8, 1: 10, 1: 20, 1: 30 etc in their experiments.
The authors conducted experiments using O.T. (prepared in The Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Tokyo) aiming at the optimal dilution for the maximal cytolysis of white blood cells.

抄録全体を表示