Summary In order to study the extent of the effect on the judgement of refree's in the case of Karate competitions in which the participants wear protective face masks and in the case of those in which they do not, experimental tests were carried out among referees and ordinary people to measure their movement vision and instantaneous vision capability. The results are as follows:
1) The rate of correct judgement with respect to instantaneous vision was extremely high (approximately 100%) in Case 0 (no fist) regardless of whether a protective mask was worn or not.
2) In Case 1 (violation) and Case 2 (violation), judging was relatively simple, and the correct judgement rate was over 90% regardless of whether a protective mask was worn or not.
3) In the case of a Waza-ari decision involving a few seconds (10 cm), the degree of correct judgement when a protective mask was worn was 75%, which was 16% below that when a mask not worn. This difference is significant.
4) In situations 4 (15 cm) and 5 (20 cm), many mistakes were made and the rates of correct judgement were low.
5) In situations 0-5, significant differences were noted; the results were approximately 6% worse when protective masks were worn.
6) Instantaneous vision tests conducted on five referee's and five ordinary people in the same age bracket produced a 90.7% correct judgement rate for referee's and 84.6% for ordinary people. There was a significant difference between the two groups.
7) It was found that the smaller the rate of decline in movement vision, the higher the judgement score tended to be in the case of instantaneous vision.
From the above all our experimental results, we are thinking that referee's judgement ability is very important, so it seems to be necessary to study how to appraise the technique of referee's judgement.

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本研究では,空手道選手7名を対象として,急速減量による身体計測値,身体組成,右大腿部の筋断面積および筋力の変化を検討した。
1.BIS法により,急速減量にともなう身体組成の変化を観察した。減量にともない,体重は3.2±1.2kg減少し(体重減少率は平均4.6%),その内訳はFFMが2.1±1.8kg(減少体重の64%),FMが1.1±1.4kg(減少体重の36%)であった。なお,回復期には体重,FFM,FMは,いずれも前値に戻っていた。
2.減量にともない腹囲,大腿囲,下腿囲および皮下脂肪厚は,有意に減少した。
3.MRI法により測定した右大腿部の筋断面積は,大腿中央部において減量前は124.7±10.6cm² であり,減量後には119.2±11.3cm² へ有意に減少し,回復期には前値に回復した。この筋断面積の減少率は平均4.7%であった。大腿上部および下部における筋断面積は,減量前後および回復期ともに有意な変化がみられなかった。
以上の結果から,7日間で体重の約5%に相当する急速減量においては,減量にともないFFMが減少し,大腿中央部の筋断面積が減少したが,筋力は維持されていた。また,大腿部筋断面積あたりの大腿部の筋力にも変化はみられなかった。今後さらに大腿部における筋量あたりの筋力の変化について検討する必要があると考えられた。

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This reseach was to test how muscle groups work during basic practice by the use of EMG. Karate has many basic techniques but we chose standing posture and punching among them. We also tested the relation between breathing with standing posture and with punching.
The subjects were a yudansha of 2nd dan grade and one beginner.
The postures chosen to be tested were NAIHANCHIDACHI and SHIKODACHI. In NAIHANCHIDACHI muscles of the lower leg (musculi membri inferioris) and in SHIKODACHI extensors of the lower extremity were found to be moved in action. It was noticed that in the case of the former, the gluteus maximus acted as an extensor and in the case of the latter the rectus abdominis acted as a flexor.
Concerning the method of punching, JUNZUKI and GYAKUZUKI were chosen. In the postures of JUNZUKI and GYAKUZUKI of the expert (YUDANSHA), only the biceps brachii were employed. It was noticed that before the action of TSUKI, the biceps brachii worked momentarily to gather momentum, and after that working of muscles which fixed joints of the upper extremities simultaneously was noticed.
In the posture known as NOKOSHI, after the full extention of the punch (TSUKI), the trapezius and the deltoideus, which support the brachii, were found to be operating. Halfway through the movement we could see that the biceps brachii was working and the movement of the deltoideus disappeared. It suggested that one of the skills was to diminish muscular tension and it became clear that the beginner, did not have such a skill sufficiently, especially in the posture of NOKOSHI.
Furthermore, in the study of the way of punching we examined the method of pulling back the hand immediately at and after the climax of the punch, a style which has come about due to the nature of matches. We made them perform in two ways. One was from the first method and second was by jumping in from an OKURIASHI movement. In both cases the movement of the muscles in KAMAE, TSUKIDASHI and KIME was the same as each other but it was noticed that muscle tension quickly becomes lax after reaching KIME of TSUKI. This is due to the pulling back movement. This was especially noticeable with the beginner.
Concerning breathing and movement at the time of punching. The subject began the movement at the end of inhalation and after holding the breath to reach TSUKI at the beginning of exhalation. The time of the change of breathing and the dissappearance of the muscular discharge often coincided, it is suggested that this skill of decrease of power can be learned by paying attention to breathing.

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Measurement of mental capability and psychological character in Japanese National Karate-do qualifiers was made using “Diagnostic Inventory of Psychological Competitive Abilities for Athletes (DIPCA.3)” and “Ego Attitude Scale (EAS)”.
Results were the following.
1. Generally DIPCA factors for Japanese National Karate-do qualifiers showed higher scores than other sportspeople. However Japanese National Karate-do female players “relaxed capability” showed a comparatively lower score than average.
2. DIPCA factors for International Karate-do qualifiers showed higher scores than national qualifiers for other sports, however Japanese National Karate-do qualifiers had the same score level as International qualifiers for other sports.
3. Compared to Asian Championship participants, World Championship participants showed higher scores in “confidence” factors, such as “concentration” and “confidence”. Higher scores were also found for “strategy capability” factors, such as “decision”, “prediction power” and “judgment”.
4. The main EAS factor influencing the DIPCA factor “prediction power” was “maturity nature”. The EAS factor most influencing the DIPCA factor “judgment” was “rationality”. The above results are discussed from the viewpoint of Transactional Analysis.

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