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  • 原始エルサレム教会から後二世紀まで
    大貫 隆
    生活大学研究
    2021年 6 巻 1 号 24-43
    発行日: 2021年
    公開日: 2021/04/21
    ジャーナル フリー
    生前のイエスによるエルサレム神殿倒壊の予言(マルコ14, 58)は,復活信仰成立後間もない原始エルサレム教会の中で再び活性化された.それは使徒言行録と全書6–7章に記されたステファノ殉教事件から読み取られるように,復活のイエスが天上から再び到来するという待望と結びついていた(第I節).その待望は満たされずに終わり,ステファノを含むギリシア語を話すユダヤ人キリスト教徒はエルサレムから離散した.しかし,
    アラ
    ム語を話すユダヤ人キリスト教徒は残留した.やがてペトロに代わって「義人」(主の兄弟)ヤコブが指導権を掌握した.以後その系譜に連なりながら後二世紀までさまざまな分派として存続したパレスチナのユダヤ人キリスト教のことを「ユダヤ主義キリスト教」と呼ぶ.第II節で取り上げる『ヘブル人福音書』の断片は,ユダヤ主義キリスト教のキリスト論が初期の「人の子」キリスト論であったことを推測させる.それは義人ヤコブに顕現する復活のイエスを「人の子」と明示している.第III節では,義人ヤコブの最期に関するヘゲシッポスの報告から,ヤコブとその仲間が「人の子」イエスの再臨を待望していたことが論証される.そこでは,生前のイエスが織り上げていた「神の国」についてのイメージ・ネットワークが,原始エルサレム教会の復活信仰によって補正された上で,継承されていることが証明される.同時に,ヤコブが時の大祭司によって「律法を犯したかどで」処刑されたというユダヤ人歴史家ヨセフスの証言から,ヤコ ブがモーセ律法の中の「供儀」条項を拒否していたと推定される(仮説1).第IV節では,AD 70年の
    ローマ軍
    によるエルサレム神殿の陥落直前に,原始エルサレム教会がヨルダン川東岸のペラ(Pella)へ脱出したこと,その根拠となったのがキリストによる「天啓」あるいは「命令」であったという証言が取り上げられる.その証言はヘゲシッポス,エウセビオス,エピファニオスという教父たちの他,後二世紀のユダヤ主義キリスト教に属する外典文書『ペテロの宣教集』の中に見出される.そこでも,イエスは「人の子」とされ,二回にわたる到来が語られる.一回目は生前のイエスのことで,彼は「真の預言者」として「供儀の廃止」を予言したと言う.二回目は差し迫った再臨のことで,その時初めて「供儀の廃止」が実現されると言われる.おそらく,
    ローマ軍
    によるエルサレム陥落の直前には,生前のイエスによる神殿陥落予言(マルコ14, 58)がまたもや活性化され,それがキリストによる「天啓」あるいは「命令」と解釈されたものと推定される(仮説2).第V節では,皇帝ドミティアヌスがイエスの親族(ひ孫)を直接尋問して,その終末待望について問い質したという,またもやヘゲシッポスの報告が分析される.イエスの親族が語る「神の国」は,「人の子」イエスの再臨によって実現されるという点で,原始教会の復活信仰による補正を経ているが,生前のイエスの「神の国」のイメージ・ネットワークをよく留めている.
  • 蔀 勇造
    オリエント
    2002年 45 巻 2 号 192-195
    発行日: 2002年
    公開日: 2010/03/12
    ジャーナル フリー
  • ムスリム勢力の拡大の一プロセスとして
    太田 敬子
    オリエント
    1993年 36 巻 1 号 18-37
    発行日: 1993/09/30
    公開日: 2010/03/12
    ジャーナル フリー
    al-Thughur al-Shimiya was western part of the Arabo-Byzantine borderland, along the Taurus and the Amanus Mountains. In the early Islamic period, when the Byzantines were obliged to withdraw from Syria to Anatolia, towns and fortresses in this region was destructed and its inhabitants evacuated with Byzantine army. Then this region remained devastated as a buffer zone between the Byzantine and the Muslim territories. The project of reconstruction of this region by the hands of the Muslims began from the second half of the Umayyad period, and the 'Abbasids succeeded it. As a result of the efforts of them, al-Thughur al-Shamlya was reestablished as the Muslim territory. Then, the Muslims planed to expand their sphere to the region behind the Taurus Mountains. But soon they give up this attempt, and the Arabo-Byzantine border once was stabilized on the line along the Taurus Mountains. After that, al-Thughur al-Shamiya became one of the most prosperous Muslim districts, not only as a outpost of the Muslim expeditions to the Byzantine territory but as a commercial and cultural center of the Muslims. This article aims to trace a history of reconstruction of this region and reexamine some characteristics of it, from a view point of the expansion of the Muslim territory and the extend of Islamization in the Middle East.
    As a border area, political and military predominance of the Muslims in this region did not establish swiftly as compared with other districts in the Middle East, and Muslim rule had been threatened by Byzantine reactions to recover there. The vulnerability of this region resulted in a great excess of expenditure, which needed to be compensated by help of the central government and booty or other gains from the expeditions. In result, it can be said that Muslim community had not been stabilized in al-Thughur al-Shamiya, and Islamization of this region were superficial. Thus, when the 'Abbassid dynasty became declined and Muslim hegemony was weakened in general, this region soon was reconquered by the Byzantines and all of the Muslim settlements were abandoned.
  • 太田 敬子
    オリエント
    1996年 39 巻 2 号 48-65
    発行日: 1996年
    公開日: 2010/03/12
    ジャーナル フリー
    In the early Islamic centuries, in which Muslim governments had continued to have territorial ambitions, we can see not only large quantitative Muslim migrations, but also any number of non-Muslim migrations. This article focalizes on Christian migrations between the seventh and the ninth centuries, because their movements seem to have had relation to change of populations in the Middle East. The more useful sources on this experiment are Middle Eastern Christian documents which give us precious informations neglected by Muslim authors.
    Part (1) is composed of a list of records on Christian migrations which have connected with policies and military or administrative purposes of Muslim authorities. All the records are typical in their forms and features.
    Then, part (2) examines each form of migrations; captured inhabitants on battles and so on; forced emigrants; forced immigrants; peoples allowed to emigrate; peoples allowed to return to their countries, especially by exchange of captives; people forced to return their countries. And I discussed their features, purposes, and historical backgrounds.
    In part (3), I will discuss Christian migrations unrelated to Muslim intentions to compare with the cases in part (1). And part (4) concludes with a analysis of the relations between Muslim rule and Christian migrations, and the influences of these migrations to the Middle Eastern societies.
  • 田村 孝
    西洋古典学研究
    1996年 44 巻 167-170
    発行日: 1996/03/15
    公開日: 2017/05/23
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 西村 昌洋
    西洋古典学研究
    2012年 60 巻 111-122
    発行日: 2012/03/23
    公開日: 2017/05/23
    ジャーナル フリー
    Prudentius' Contra Symmachum contains the Prosopopoeia of Rome (II. 655-768). This is a reply to Symmachus' Prosopopoeia of Rome in his Relatio III. 9-10. Prudentius praises Stilicho's victory over Alaric at Pollentia in 402, and in these lines his tone sounds particularly panegyrical. Prudentius attempts to refute Symmachus by playing up Stilicho's victory with techniques of panegyrical literature. Against Symmachus' insistence that only the religious rites of paganism ensure the victory and security of the empire, Prudentius claims that Stilicho defends Rome under the protection of Christ and the victory of the empire is guaranteed without any pagan rituals. The ground of this claim is the repulse of Alaric by Stilicho. The description of Stilicho's victory at Pollentia by Prudentius is conspicuous for its panegyrical tones. According to Prudentius, (1) the recent victory over the Goths is more praiseworthy than Camillus' victory over the Gauls in early Republican years, because this time the city of Rome itself escaped occupation by foreign enemies (721-730); and, (2) Stilicho's prowess is greater than the repulse of Hannibal in Punic wars because the defeat of Hannibal was merely due to the luxury and dissipation of Campania and Magna Graecia but Stilicho owes his victory to the military valor of the Roman army (739-749). Late antique panegyrists often refer to past leaders in the Roman history in order to praise the current honorand. This technique generates an imaginary continuity between past glory and present situations, and provides a guarantee that past glory will be recovered by the current honorand. Such a panegyrical method is used by Prudentius in his Prosopopoeia of Rome. On the ground of Stilicho's prowess, Prudentius refutes Symmachus and assures his readers that Christianity benefits the Roman empire. After Stilicho's death and the sack of Rome by Alaric, however, Prudentius' rhetoric, deprived of its immediate historical context, would lose its original effect.
  • 松原 俊文
    史学雑誌
    2011年 120 巻 2 号 247-248
    発行日: 2011/02/20
    公開日: 2017/12/01
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 小玉 新次郎
    オリエント
    1965年 8 巻 1 号 33-43,102
    発行日: 1965/09/20
    公開日: 2010/03/12
    ジャーナル フリー
    In order to get goods from the East, the Roman Empire came into close political relationships with Palmyra, while the Parthian Empire had common economic interests with Palmyra also. But the transportation of goods through the desert deoended not upon Roman or Parthian merchants but entirely upon Palmyrene caravaneers. This is the reason why Palmyra became prosperous rapidly in the second and third centuries. This permitted the Palmyrene commercial settlement in Vologesia to become important and to sway the fate of Palmyra. Vologesia's importance arose from the fact that it was the place where two great parallel trade routes converged towards the West, one coming from the Iranian plateau, the other coming from the Persian Gulf.
  • 後期ローマ帝国における蛮族言説に関する一考察
    西村 昌洋
    西洋史学
    2013年 250 巻 1-
    発行日: 2013年
    公開日: 2022/04/28
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 和田 廣
    オリエント
    1995年 38 巻 1 号 232-234
    発行日: 1995/09/30
    公開日: 2010/03/12
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 坂田 道生
    美学
    2014年 65 巻 1 号 37-48
    発行日: 2014/06/30
    公開日: 2017/05/22
    ジャーナル フリー
    The column of Trajan was completed in 113 A.D. to commemorate the victory in the Dacian War. This paper reexamines the meaning of two sacrificial scenes (86, 98-99), which have been interpreted as the pledge for victory. In scene 86, the emperor performs sacrifice in front of a theatre in a harbor, while he pours libation in front of the huge bridge over the Donau allegedly constructed by Apollodorus of Damascus in scene 98-99. Before the reign of Trajan, sacrificial iconographies for the pledge of victory usually have temple architectures in the background, which implies gods the sacrifices are dedicated to. However, in the two scenes, typical roman architectures are represented in the background. I would argue that the two scenes represent not the pledge for victory, but commemorating the completion of typical Roman architectures. Two scenes may also have a meaning of praising Trajan, who completed the great construction in Roman colonies. This characteristics can also be seen not only in other scenes on the column of Trajan such as constructing roads, military camps and bridges, but also in the inscription on the base of the column.
  • 「アクスムヘの道」検証の試み
    蔀 造勇
    オリエント
    2006年 49 巻 2 号 133-146
    発行日: 2006年
    公開日: 2010/03/12
    ジャーナル フリー
    The route from Adulis to Aksum must have been the most important in East Africa in ancient times. Adulis was the most important town on the coast and Aksum was the center of a rather important empire, starting about the time of Christ and lasting until the eighth or ninth century.
    What was the course of the route from Adulis up into the mountaneous country of what is now Ethiopia and Eritrea? The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea refers to a location named Koloe, a city ‘that is the first trading post for ivory’ and says ‘from Adulis it is a journey of three days to Koloe.’ This article seeks to identify the location of Adulis and its harbor Gabaza, and to locate the route from Adulis to Koloe. The author analyzes historical sources and archaeological data. The information obtained from his field survey is also used to explain some topographic problems.
    The conclusions of this paper are as follows:
    1. The equation of Adulis of the Periplus with a site situated some 1km to the northnorthwest of the modern village of Zula is acceptable.
    2. Didoros Island of the Periplus of the first century was situated on the same spot as Gabaza mentioned in the 6th century sources.
    3. Some 5km to the southeast of Adulis site are some hills named Gamez 100 years ago, but now known as Gala/Galata. Didoros Island is identified with one of these hills and Gabaza harbor must have been situated at the foot of it.
    4. There has been major coastal change in the area. For this reason the island of Didoros approached by a causeway in the first century was situated on the shore in the sixth century and it lies now as a hill some 1km away from the shore.
    5. The course of the route from Adulis to Koloe identified with modern Qohaito must has been through the Wadi Komaile rather than the Wadi Haddas.
  • 大道 直人
    仙台白百合女子大学紀要
    2015年 19 巻 1-9
    発行日: 2015/02/01
    公開日: 2018/07/20
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 緒方 正則, 下間 頼一
    会議録・要旨集 フリー
    In this report, wheel ruts of ancient Roman chariots in the ruins of Sabratha is investigated. Sabratha is famous for Roman ruin in Tripolitania of Libya. Sabratha has Greek theater and many Roman ruins. Some chariot gauge are measured, and they are very nearly equal to the present international standard railway gauge 1,435mm.
  • 大道 直人
    仙台白百合女子大学紀要
    2013年 17 巻 1-10
    発行日: 2013/01/31
    公開日: 2018/07/20
    ジャーナル フリー
  • ロラソン デイヴィッド, 安元 稔, 中野 忠
    比較都市史研究
    2008年 27 巻 2 号 35-54
    発行日: 2008/12/20
    公開日: 2017/08/25
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 小貫 徹
    西洋史学
    1960年 46 巻 21-
    発行日: 1960年
    公開日: 2022/11/09
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 栗林 輝夫
    日本の神学
    2011年 50 巻 215-220
    発行日: 2011/09/06
    公開日: 2013/05/22
    ジャーナル フリー
  • 中田 考
    京都ユダヤ思想
    2017年 8 巻 102-107
    発行日: 2017/06/24
    公開日: 2022/12/09
    ジャーナル オープンアクセス
  • 第3部 粘土板が語る歴史
    飯田 清昭
    紙パ技協誌
    2021年 75 巻 4 号 354-361
    発行日: 2021年
    公開日: 2021/07/01
    ジャーナル 認証あり

    粘度板(clay tablet)は,メソポタミアで,シュメール人が前3000年以上前に,彼らの楔形文字を記録するのに使いだし,地中海とオリエントが一つの文化圏となり,パピルスや羊皮紙にとって代わられる前3世紀頃まで,使い続けられた。

    シュメールに続く歴代の王朝は,その記録を執拗に粘土板に彼ら自身の楔形文字で彫り込み,文書庫・図書館に保存した。その図書館が破壊・焼け落ちた際,粘土板が焼成されて残った。19世紀から50万点以上が発掘され,歴代の文字が解読され,社会とその文化が明らかにされている。

    前3000年の粘土板は行政文書と語彙テキストで,王朝は文字により行政をコントロールしようとした。前2600年頃より土地・家屋の売買が記録され,文字テキスト(叙事詩,物語等)も出土する。前2300年頃より押印文書や手紙につかわれだし,前2000年には法典が整備される。文字とその記録媒体を手にしてから,500-1000年で,思想(哲学),文学を共有する社会が成立してくる。

    メソポタミアでは,文字の使用が広がるにつれ,粘土板の他に,書き換え可能なwax tabletやパピルスも使用する豊かな文字の社会を形成していた。

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