L'Ecole des Annales (the Annales School) is designated as a French study group of socioeconomic history, publishing its trimester journal, Annales Histoire, Sciences Sociales. This journal, founded in 1929 under the title of Annales d'histoire économique et sociale, by two historians with a profound knowledge of geography-Lucien Febvre (1898-1956) and Marc Bloch (1886-1944)-often changed its name-Mélanges d'histoire sociale and Annales d'histoire sociale during the World War II, and Annales d'Histoire-Economies-Sociétés-Civilisations in 1946, before it obtained present name in 1994.
One of the two founders, Lucien Febvre, is well-known to Japanese geographers because of his fine work, La terre et l'évolution humaine: Introduction géographique à l'histoire, translated into Japanese by K. Iizuka and Y. Tanabe. That was not the case, in contrast, with Marc Bloch, whose work Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française was also translated under the direction of K. Kawano.
Fernand Braudel (Luméville-en-Ornois, Meuse, 1902-Cluses, Haute-Savoie, 1985) was a member of the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes from 1937 (fourth section, history and philology). He succeeded Lucien Febvre in 1956 as a Professor of the Collège de France and then was appointed Director of the Sixth Section of the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes which published the journal Annales. While Professor Braudel was a member of the Editorial Committee of the journal from 1947 to 1968, I had the honor of meeting him in the fall of 1958 through the recommendation of Professor Roger Dion, his colleague in the Collège de France. This gave me the opportunity to publish my monograph entitled "Systèmes agraires, le Jôri dans le Japon ancien" in the journal Annales, 14th year, No 4, in 1959.
Fernand Braudel was a historian who took such a great interest in geography that, in his famous work, La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II in 1949, he proposed to incorporate into it a historical research to found a new discipline "geohistory". Unfortunately, this new discipline, which he proposed to call "super social science", was neither accepted by the world of history, nor that of geography.
On the contrary, applying the geographical method to his homeland in his posthumous study in three volumes L'identité de la France, he affirmed that geography was unable to rejuvenate French history.

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Bali, a small and active volcanic island in the humid tropics, is close to the east of Java, Republic of Indonesia, with an area of about 5, 600km² and a total population of about 2.8 millions. Subak system, a traditional irrigation system of Bali island, is considered to be an example of skillful and developed irrigation system at the foot of volcanic mountains. A large number of studies about the subak system have already been made, but there is no attempt to make clear the relationship between actual condition of subak system and its physical conditions.
In the present paper, a comparative description of the subak system in several rivers is conducted, based on field observation with special reference to physical condition.
The subak system taking river water via long channel including tunnel has been developed under the following hydrological condition : 1) high precipitation without severe drought, 2) geology composed of tephra deposits with high permeability, 3) stable base flow from groundwater, and 4) soft rocks composed of pyroclastic flow deposits for excavating tunnel.
There exists a wide regional difference in water intake and distribution system of the subak, and it would be strongly affected by the different physical conditions. Major findings of the present investigation of subak irrigation systems are summarized as follows :
1) Improvement works of subak system have been actively done under government assistance. A large number of small-sized traditional dam (empelan) made of local materials such as stones and coconut trees, have been changed to large-sized permanent dam (bendung) made of concrete.
2) The permanent dam improved by Public Works of Bali Province, has an average area of about 400ha and primary channel length of 3 km including water tunnel (aungan) of 1 km. The length of tunnel accounts for approximately 30% of primary channel in average.
3) In the south-central region of Bali, there exists the long tunnel with average of 2 km in Gianyar, constituting about 60% of primary channel. In Tabanan it constitutes only 10% of primary channel.
4) In the Pati river basin at the foot of Mt. Agung, which consists of lava and debris flow slope with shallow valley, there exist many small-sized subak systems having no long tunnel.
5) In the Batur pyroclastic flow region, many parallel rivers run in the deepest and narrow valleys and the large sized sawahs are widely distributed on the slope area. Long water tunnels have been constructed as a part of primary channel, with the maximum length of about 5 km in the Bendung Bedulu area.
6) In the Buyan-Bratan pyroclastic flow region, parallel river system is formed in valley. Most of dams have very long primary channels including short tunnel.
7) In the Mt. Batukau volcanic region consisted of lava flow hills and shallow valleys, rice terraces are widely distributed, and subak system has usually long primary channel with out water tunnel.

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This study investigated the system of the factory closedown in France. There are three procedures in the factory closedown. That, dismissed person with the enterprise concludes a social plan. And, the region in which factory closedown influences it concludes the revitalization plan with the enterprise. The enterprise bears cost necessary for these plans.
The result of the survey is brought together as follows. (1)The procedure of the factory closedown is clear. (2)Information is shared and disclosed. (3)The influence of the factory closedown is investigated, and forecast. (4)The enterprise supports the reinvigoration to the region.

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The replacement of compound piers with round piers in the grand arcades of churches took place between the early 12th and early 13th centuries in the Ile-de-France. The purpose of this article is to verify the assertion that such pier replacements caused the elimination of the need for ressauts at the back of vaulting shafts, thinned the vaulting shafts themselves, and effected an over-all decrease in the total volume of elements projecting from the nave wall surfaces based upon research of a significant number of extant monuments. The resultant changes in the vaulting shaft areas advanced a linear quality that led to the formation of the gothic diaphanous nave wall.

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Since the mid-nineteenth century, the resource frontier in peninsular Malaysia has been converted into agricultural land on a large scale and has attracted a great number of people of various socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds. Such an expansion of human habitat in peninsular Malaysia has engendered various important societal and academic problems associated with the social and economic development of the country. This study is fundamentally concerned with the ecological and social relations embodied in agricultural land development in the resource frontier in peninsular Malaysia and their historical changes with specific reference to the local society of Rengit, in Batu Pahat district, Johor State. The analytical focus is placed upon: (1) the adaptive process of individual villagers, groups of individuals, and local society as a whole to the changing local ecosystem and wider political economy; (2) the degree of association and integration among villagers whose socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds seem to vary to some extent. The description and analysis are carried out by integrating the biophysical and human elements of the above issues into a conceptual framework of cultural-political ecology, which pays attention to power relations, social relations, and conflicts over resource management in the specific ecological setting.
  Since the beginning of this century, a large amount of new agricultural land has been developed in lowland Johor along the west coast, of which the area studied is a part. This has been mainly promoted by Javanese and other Indonesians. Chinese traders and farmers, although few in number, also play a significant role in the dynamics of the local society. This paper is structured around a brief case study of a Javanese landlord and the management of his 120-acre estate, which is expected to contribute to elucidating the complex web of interactions within and beyond the local society. Firstly, the history, ecology, and socioeconomy of the area studied is outlined at two levels, state and local society. A detailed description of the landlord is also given. Secondly, the changes in oil palm and coconut farming are analyzed in relation to the local ecology and economy. Thirdly, centering on the selected landlord, the process of land acquisition by individual smallholders is examined based on materials obtained from interviews and a survey of historical documents including official land records. Finally, by examining the organization and social background of estate workers, the importance of the varied social and political relations among those involved in estate farming is discussed.

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The Western countries suffered most from tuberculosis i n the last decade of the 19th century, that is in 1890, when the death cases due to the disease numbered 20 to 30 against a population of 10, 000. This number of deaths, however, markedly decreased in 1929-1930 by one-half to one-fourth. The riverse is the case in Japan where 15 death cases against 10, 000 population in 1890 highly increased by 20 per cent.40 years later.

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