この論文では自然環境下における野草ツボミオオバコ種子の発芽に及ぼす光条件の影響についての教材開発的研究を述べている．土の中に種子を埋めたとき，人工照明下では大部分の種子は土の表面近くの薄い層から発芽した．その表層は約2.5mmの深さであった．ツボミオオバコの種子の発芽は

の緑葉を透過した太陽光を3分間照射することによって抑制された．しかしながら，その発芽はのアルビノの葉やバナナの黄色い葉や枯れ葉を透過した太陽光によって抑制されなかった．この実験によって，緑の葉で覆われた森床などでは，透過光は高い割合で遠赤色光を含み，野生の光発芽種子の発芽を抑制することを生徒たちに示唆することができる．これらの実験は自然環境における植物の生活と光の作用について生徒たちがよく理解するのに寄与するだろう．

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The low-temperature ashing of plant tissues using high-frequency oxygen plasma, which gently removes organic matrices from the specimens preserving mineral microstructures existing in the original tissues, presents versatile applications in plant taxonomy, morphological studies, and identification of original plants. The present work has been carried out to refine the operative conditions for the ashing and the method of mounting the ashed tissues on glass slides using several specimens containing calcium oxalate and/or calcium carbonate crystals and silicon bodies. The results are summarized as follows : (1) Air preferred to pure oxygen as a plasma gas for ashing soft tissues and cross sections. (2) The ashed tissues are preliminarily impregnated by Canada balsam-xylene solution with low viscosity (25 centistokes), dried, and mounted by high viscosity solution (150 centistokes). The impregnation with organic resin highly improves light transmission through the ashed tissues resulting in clearer observations of the crystals. (3) The arrangement and shape of the crystals give a specific information on the individual species of the plants. (4) The method has revealed mineral constituents of cell membrane which was thought to be pure cellulose and at the same time various small particles probably resulting from chloroplasts, leucoplasts, nuclei etc., are found in the ashed tissues.

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A low-temperature oxygen plasma generated in a high-frequency electromagnetic field under a low pressure was applied to plant tissues on a slide glass for removing organic matrices but perfectly preserving the shape and arrangement of calcium carbonate crystals in the specimens. The observation of ashed tissues of leaves of Ficus elastica ROXB. revealed details of cystolith deposited in the epidermis which seemed to be clustered crystals having optical properties of either isotropy or anisotropy. Calcium oxalate crystals were also observed along the vein in extremely high density. An ashed leaf of Himulus japonicus SIED. et ZUCC. was highly characterized by short hair of single cell which had semispherical base consisting of several cells encircling a cystolith ball inside. Justicia procumbens LINN. left slender cystolith in the ashed tissue irregularly arranging near the vein.

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生物のガス代謝を測定する装置には, 容積を一定にして気体の圧力変化で測定する検圧計 (Manometer)のほか, 気相の圧力を一定にして反応室内で変化した気体の体積変化で生物のガス代謝を測定する検容計 (Volumeter)が知られている. 筆者らは高沖(1969)の方法を一部改良した教具としての検容計を試作した. 製作に際しては, できるだけ入手の容易なものを使用するようにした. その装置を用いてカイワレダイコンの発芽種子の呼吸量および呼吸商(RQ)を測定した. また, 1枚のの葉から6枚の葉片を切り取り, これらの葉切片を用いてCO_2濃度や光の強さのみかけの光合成速度におよぼす影響を調べた. 呼吸および光合成ともに, それぞれ50分の授業時間内に測定が完了でき、測定結果も良好であった. 試作した検容計は, 高校におげる呼吸および光合成の測定用の教具として利用することが可能であることがわかった.

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Natural rubber is a naturally occurring nano-composite, which possesses a complicated hierarchal structure. A primary structure of natural rubber is ω'-(trans)₂-(cis)_n-α' : that is, modified dimethylallyl group, 2 trans-1,4-isoprene units, about 5,000 cis-1,4-isoprene units and modified prenol group, aligned in this order. The ω'-terminal unit and α'-terminal unit may be attracted to proteins and phospholipids through strong attractive forces, which are comparable to attractive forces in chemical bonds; so that, three dimensional network structure of natural rubber is formed with the proteins and phospholipids to generate gel fractions. The proteins and phospholipids are incorporated into the nanomatrix structure, in which natural rubber particles with an average diameter of 1 μm are dispersed in matrix of non-rubber components such as the proteins and phospholipids. The hierarchal structure realizes not only entropy elasticity but also energy elasticity. It creates new science and technology of rubber and opens new criteria of molecular and materials designs.

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Tirumala limniace and T. septentrionis, migrant danaines, fly over to Japan every year from the further south. In the summer of 1995, numerous T. limniace and a few T. septenrionis arrived at Amami-ohshima Isl., and aggregated together with Ideopsis similis, a resident danaine there. Although their overwintering aggregations in their residential regions (e.g. Taiwan) have been reported, "aestivating aggregations" have little been noted. The present paper reports such a case and describes the behavior of the aggregated butterflies during the hot season at their northern temporary residence (Amami-ohshima). 1. From 4 July to 2 September in 1995, the migrant Tirumala limniace and T. septentrionis and the resident Ideopsis similis were observed forming an aggregation at the northern part of Amami-ohshima. 2. The two migrant species were collected as specimens (i. e. removed; 253 [160 ♂ ♂ 93 ♀ ♀] of T, limniace and 4 ♂ ♂ of T. septentrionis in total) almost every day by one of the authors, while none of I. similis, which was as numerous as T. llimiace, was removed, 3. They showed routine behaviors daily-visiting flowers or mating in the cool hours of early morning and late afternoon, but resting during the hot hours around midday. The weather in July-September was mostly sunny or cloudy (sometimes with showers) with the highest temperature over 30℃ , and no typhoon came in the study season. 4. Their habitats consisted of two sites, wooded areas for resting and flower beds for feeding. In late July they moved from the first site (station A) to the second site (station B) distanced about 30m from the former. 5. They mostly rested on some aerial roots of Ficus microcarpa and F. elastica (Moraceae) or small twigs of Jatropha hastata (Euphorbiaceae). Usually T. limniace rested higher than /. similis in position. 6. Nectar source flowers were Euphorbia milii var. splendens and Jatropha hastata (Euphorbiaceae). 7. Ten pairs of T. limniace in copula were observed in the field. The presence of spermatophore examined by fingers indicated most T. limniace females were fertile already. Due to the absence of foodplants, however, oviposition did not occur. On the other hand, despite of the presence of foodplant (Tylophora tanakae), I. similis did not lay their eggs there either. 8. Why did they make such a notable aggregation in 1995 at Amami-ohshima? The arrival of such an unusual large number (over 280) of T. limniace is likely to have been the fundamental cause. Although from April to July of the year, remarkable numbers of migrant or visiting butterflies, including newly recorded species in Japan, flew to the Nansei Islands from the Asian continent, Taiwan, and the Philippines, the number of T. limniace on Amami-ohshima was outstanding. 9. The departure site of the two species of Tirumala is inferred to be somewhere in Taiwan for two reasons. (1) The T. limniace was identified as ssp. limniace Cramer distributed in Taiwan and the Asian continent, but not as ssp. orestilla Fruhstorfer found in Luzon Isl. The T. septentrionis, which is not distributes in Luzon Isl., was ssp. septentrionis Butler occuring in Taiwan and the Asian continent. (2) The two Tirumala species are common in Taiwan in June and July together with the Chestnut Tiger (Parantica sit a), which is confirmed to migrate to Japan by markrelease-recapture method . The two Tirumala species are often found together with the Chestnut Tiger at their arrival sites in Japan. 10. In conjunction with other records of migrant butterflies in Japan, the two Tirumala species likely arrived at Amami-ohshima in the end of June, and move northward to reach the northern region of the island. Then they aggregated at this site to spend the hot summer days. In addition, possibly they were attracted by Ideopsis similis, which had aggregated there as precedent visitors. 11. One female of T. limniace bred in cage to obtain eggs lived for

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Crystalline inorganic components important for identifying plants, such as oxalates, cystoliths, and silicon bodies, have not been isolated from plants in pure state and detailed examination of their composition has not been made as yet. It has now become possible, through the development of the "low-temperature plasma ashing method for plant tissues, " to separate crystalline inorganic components from plants, easily and entirely without change in their chemical composition from the evidence of perfect coincidence of X-ray powder diffraction patterns between the crystals in original and ashed specimens. In the present series of work, the separated crystalline inorganic components were submitted to X-ray powder diffraction, thermal analysis, measurement of infrared absorption spectra, and elemental analysis. As a result of concerted examination of these analytical data, it was found that when the crystals in the plant consist of calcium oxalate, they always have the composition of calcium oxalate monohydrate Ca (COO)₂·H₂O, irrespective of isolated, aggregate, or needle crystals. The cystolith was found to have the composition of calcium carbonate CaCO₃ by X-ray powder diffraction diagram, with reference to standard CaCO₃ and elemental analysis showed that cystolith is a pure CaCO₃. The silicon body has the composition of silicon dioxide SiO₂ its crystal structure being amorphous in the majority, as in fused quartz, mixed with a minute amount of crystalline α-quartz.

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In order to create useful substances, we examined oxidation-reduction reactions of acetophenone, 1-phenylethanol and their analogs by fungi, (Botrytis cinerea) or cultured cells of apple (Malus pumila 'Jonagold'). We found out that B. cinerea cells were not active for the oxidation of (rac)-1-phenlethanol into acetophenone, but active for the reduction of acetophenone into 1-phenylethanol. The biotransformed 1-phenylethanol was analyzed to be mixture of (S)- 1-phenylethanol (94% ee) and (R)-1-phenylethanol in a relative ratio of 97:3. On the other hand, we found out that apple tissue cultured cells were active for the oxidation of (rac)-1-phenylethanol into acetohenone but not active for the reduction of acetophenone into 1-phenlethanol. These results indicate that it is possible to control the oxidaton -reduction for a comound by selecting one-type of cell among various cells such as callus or fungi containing oxido-reductase activity, which is very interesting from a viewpoint of synthetic application.

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Of 35 species of ornamental plants and vegetables tested, 30 species were attacked by the banded greenhouse thrips, Hercinothrips femoralis, under laboratory conditions. Of these, dumb cane (Dieffenbachia sp.), beach lily (Crinum asiaticum var. japonica), turmeric (Curcuma longa), plantain lily (Hosta sp.), prairie gentian (Eustoma grandiflorum), common cockscomb (Celosia argentea), pink (Dianthus hybridus), brazilian skyflower (Duranta repens), sultan snapweed (Impatiens wallerana), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), egg plant (Solanum melongena), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) were most susceptible to damage by the thrips. Malathion 50EC, acephate 50WP and 5G, etofenprox 20EC, spinosad 25SG, emamectin-benzoate 1EC, methidathion 40EC and nitenpyram 10G gave 100% control of the thrips in a glasshouse test.

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