It was March 1st, 2000. We saw some news about ECHELON system by 5 countries (English=speaking countries)-USA, UK, Canada, Australia and New zealand. It was with a map on the paper of Mainichi Newspaper Co. (Tokyo) written by Mr. Takuya Kishimoto, London Correspondent. On the map, there was a place called "Waihopia" in New Zealand. What's ECHELON? Where's Waihopia? And then, I asked them my friends in Japan and New Zealand. But I was very sorry to say I didn't receive any answers from them. After some months. I found that it's Waihopai near Blenheim in South Island. NZ has two satellite Communications Units in Waihopai and Tangimoana. We know GCSB has an office in Wellington in "NZ Official Year Book". I think ECHELON by 5 countries is un-fair. I say Japan is un-fair, too. We can read a book published in New zealand in 1996. "Secret Powers : New zealand's Role in the International Spy Network" by Nicky Hager. I think the book tells us a lot of informations about ECHELON in New Zealand.

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The large earthquake occurs due to the emission of elastic waves during fracture propagation and abrupt displacement along a large fault system, which process is triggered by fracturing of a block of rock in the fault system or at fault edge. Earthquake source process is too much complicated for the precise modeling due to the complexity and variety of fault systems. However, the precise observation of fault development during fracture experiments suggests that a large fault is formed by connection of a set of smaller fractures or faults aligned en echelon. Many fault systems show multiple en echelon arrangement of smaller component fractures. Two mechanically different types of steps or bends are distinguished in the en echelon fault system or zigzag fault which is derived from en echelon fractures. One type is the step-up gap or bend which is compressed by the sliding of the fault. The other type is the step-down gap or bend which is extended by the slip of the fault.
The rough estimation of resistive strength of en echelon fault gaps against fault sliding shows that the step-up gap is much more resistant to fault displacement than the step-down fault gap is. The strength of gap can be roughly estimated from stepping ratio of en echelon steps. The energy of earthquake is proportional to the product of square of offset of en echelon step and length of fault.
The doughnut pattern of foreshock activity and migration of earthquake fracturing can be adequately described by the model that the earthquakes are generated by a process of fracturing of gaps or bends in a multiple en echelon fault system. This “multiple en echelon fault model of earthquake source mechanism” has been proposed in this paper in an attempt to make the “asperity model” more concrete with respect to fault geometry and fault development mechanism.
The gaps or bends of en echelon fault system make loci of stress concentration and are expected to be very sensitive to premonitory stress disturbance before earthquake. The gaps and bends of fault system make promising monitoring sites for earthquake prediction.

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Intelligence, or information helpful in value-added decision making, is largely classified into Business Intelligence and Competitive Intelligence. The concept of Business Intelligence was first proposed by Dr. Stevan Dedijer, professor of Lund University, Sweden, in the early 1970s, with an emphasis on the security of intelligence. In addition to the implication of intelligence for decision making, he also introduced a concept of Social Intelligence. Business Intelligence is relevant to development, maintenance and extension of businesses, risk management, and confidentiality. Competitive Intelligence, on the other hand, originates from the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals (SCIP) established in the U. S. in 1986 by information specialists from academia and industry as well as CIA-related persons. This subject has been attracting attention, in terms of the conditions for competitive edge, chiefly in the U. S. with some contributions from European and Oceanian countries. It has been, however, pointed out that competitor analysis is often overemphasized, leading to a skewed knowledge: Business and Competitive Intelligence should rather be regarded as complementary. The present paper performs case studies of risk management and business development based on Business Intelligence, and emphasizes the importance of enhanced education in intelligence in the 21st-century Japan.

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The preferred orientation pattern of minor fractures in a geologic body is influenced by the stress condition in the earlier stage of the fracture formation process.
In experiments, tension fractures were observed at first on the surface of the clay-cake mounted on the two iron plates sliding each other. The tension fractures increased in number and lined on the conjugate zones which made an angle of about 30 degrees with the tension fractures (Fig. 3). Namely they reveal en echelon structures. The tension fractures on a zone were connected with secondary fractures into a shear fracture. The shear fractures had zigzag or feather stuctures. The earlier fractures remained as minor fractures.
The preferred orientation patterns of minor fractures were presumed in the following stress conditions.
In case the principal stresses except the maximum stress are equal (tension is positive): The planes of tension fractures are perpendicular to the maximum stress axis. Shear fractures make an angle of about 60 degrees with the maximum stress axis. Using Wulf's net, the poles of the shear fractures lie on a small circle girdle whose pole coincides with the direction of the maximum stress and whose mean radius is about 30 degrees.
Due to uncertainties and errors, poles of shear fractures and tension fractures may fill up a circle whose pole is the direction of the maximum stress and whose radius is a little larger than 30 degrees.
In case the principal stresses except the minimum stress are equal: Shear fractures make an angle of about 30 degrees with the minimum stress axis. The fabric pattern is a small circle girdle whose pole coincide with the direction of the minimum stress and whose mean radius is 60 degrees (Fig. 11).
These patterns show axial symmetric. But, if the rock body has parallel planes of weakness, the symmetry of pattern may be monoclinic.
In case the principal stresses are different each others: In is assumed that fractures may take place only on weak planes in a rock body. A weak plane slips if the shearing stress on the plane gets over its resistance. If the stresses are statistically homogeneous in the rock body, an apparent Mohr's circle may be assumed as a whole. Statistically, fractures take place on the weak planes whose poles on the apparent Mohr's diagram reach their own Mohr's envelopes. Each plane has one's own Mohr's envelope. The apparent Mohr's circle, as a whole, is cut by the Mohr's envelopes on weak planes. The apparent Mohr's circle and the envelopes on weak planes give possible orientation patterns of fractures (Fig. 12).

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　岩石やコンクリートなどの脆性材料の破壊強度や断層型地震の発生メカニズムの研究など，圧縮荷重下におけるき裂の破壊力学的考察は非常に重要である．圧縮荷重下のモード_II_型き裂変形様式では，破壊がウイング型き裂に支配されることはよく知られている．モード_III_型き裂変形様式のき裂進展は非常に複雑であり，き裂の発生はシェブロンき裂に支配されるとされているが，不明確な点が多い．そこで本研究では，アクリル樹脂供試体を用いてモード_III_型のき裂変形様式の破壊特性を実験により考察した．モード_III_のき裂変形様式を実現した一軸圧縮載荷時のき裂の進展特性を検証するとともに，変位と破壊応力及び応力拡大係数との関係や，き裂面に生ずる摩擦について検討を行った．

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 This paper derived a series of hypotheses from a review of previous research on business succession in organizations to investigate the factors that determine the success or failure of business succession in Japanese nonprofit organizations (NPOs). These hypotheses were tested using survey data. The analysis confirms the validity of the hypothetical framework for determining the success or failure of business succession in NPOs based on five key categories: (1) founder's syndrome, (2) upper echelon, or leader and Top Management Team (TMT) characteristics, (3) business succession planning, (4) governance, and (5) organizational characteristics. The validity of the hypothetical propositions was examined within each category, and the implications of the hypotheses were derived.

 The results of the analysis revealed the following. Firstly, the residual founder's influence negatively impacted the results of the succession. Secondly, the experience of governmental administrative management in the successor's career had a negative impact on the results of the succession. In addition, the diversity of the succession team members positively influenced the succession results. Thirdly, the functioning of the board of directors had a positive effect on the organization's results after the succession. Finally, the larger and the more specialized the organization, the greater was the positive effect on the succession results.

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The stress intensity factor for the crack under mode III loading in the three dimensional elastic body is analyzed numerically by the finite element method. After obtaining the energy release rates, these energy release rates are converted into stress intensity factors. The method considering the difference of the strain energy between the analysis model and the crack extension model is used for the approach obtained the energy release rate in this study. The ratio of the model width(W), the model thickness(T) and the model length(L) for the basic finite element model are in the ratio 1:1:4. After the analytical accuracy is investigated by three point bending model with the mode I loading, the stress intensity factor for mode III loading is analyzed by the same basic finite element model with the different boundary condition. As a result, the result for mode I loading using the basic model agrees well with the two dimensional analytical solution. However, the result for mode III loading has the some differences for the two dimensional exact solution. Therefore, the numerical analyses of the model with different thicknesses are conducted for mode III loading. As a result of those analyses, it is clear that the numerical results approach the exact solution with the increase of thickness length. That is to say, the model thickness needs about twenty times as long as the model width to obtain the result close to two dimensional exact solution by the three dimensional analysis. However, the model length(L) requires eight times(L=8W) of the model width(W) in connection with the influence of the boundary condition.

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Endovascular coil embolization of very small aneurysms (＜ 3 mm in maximum diameter) remains challenging and requires scrupulous attention to detail during treatment to overcome technical difficulties and mitigate high complication rates. We focused on techniques for positioning microcatheters into aneurysms.

In principle, we placed a balloon microcatheter across or proximal to the aneurysm neck and adopted a microcatheter that is usually shaped with steam according to the three-dimensional relationship of the vascular structure. If the angle between the long axis of the aneurysm and that of the parent artery is approximately 90°, we pulled back the microcatheter from the distal site to place the catheter in the aneurysm. In cases where the long axis of the aneurysm is nearly parallel to that of the parent artery, we often adopt the catheterization technique using of a preceding coil loop or, in anatomically inevitable cases, a preceding micro guidewire.

In this case report, we have described our endovascular coil embolization technique for very small aneurysms, focusing on the method of positioning the microcatheter into the aneurysm.

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This paper describes the outline of the open information technology for BEMS on communication protocol such as BACnet, LonWorks, field bus and Web service application. Furthermore This paper concretely describes the guideline to get high system reliability, to descrive specification of BACnet application and to fit BEMS in international standards.

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The founder’s syndrome is a disease in which the characteristics and behaviors of the founder, which were effective in creating the organization, work negatively in some phases of the organization’s development. This study examines the founder’s syndrome in Japanese NPOs at the time of business succession.

Until now, the founder syndrome has never been considered or examined in Japan in any context, and the applicability of the concept in the Japanese context has never been questioned.

The purpose of this study is twofold. （1）Does the phenomenon of founder’s syndrome exist in the context of business succession in Japanese NPOs? （2）If so, under what conditions can it be alleviated?

We conducted a questionnaire survey of NPOs throughout Japan that had experienced business succession and analyzed the relationship between residual founder influence and business succession outcomes. Multiple regression analysis of the founder’s influence on organizational outcomes after business succession revealed that the founder’s syndrome phenomenon occurs in the context of Japanese NPOs at the time of business succession. The fact that the founder’s residual influence causes a pathology called founder’s syndrome in the event of business succession suggests that it is necessary to examine how the founder’s time of departure and transfer of authority should be.

Furthermore, the results of the survey indicate that the increasing division of labor in the organization is a mitigating factor of the founder’s syndrome. The division of labor has been found to alleviate the founder’s syndrome, when the organizational structure is established and management discretion is weakened.

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