本研究の目的は，産地競争下にあるフランス山間地域の畜産において，地理的表示制度の認証を獲得したローカル産品が地域においてどのように生産され，いかにしてその伝統性や品質が保持されているのかを，ファングラ牛のブランド化過程より明らかにすることである．ファングラ牛は，地域の記憶にあったかつての伝統的飼育をあえて現代に導入し，伝統性と固有性を地理的表示範囲と伝統飼育に求めることでブランド化が実現した．極めてローカルな範囲で消費および流通するファングラ牛は，ラベルが乱立する現代において他地域においても示唆的な事例といえる．

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　フランス農村は，19世紀初頭から1970 年代までの「農村流出（exode rural）」の時代から，人口の地方分散と都市住民の流入による農村の「人口回帰」時代へと転換している。本研究は，フランス農村における過疎化の展開を，人口動態や政策，ツーリズムとの関係に注目して論じることを目的とした。1990年代からの農村人口回帰は，通勤極や小都市との位置関係から，人口減少地帯である「空白の対角線」に新たな過疎化の格差を生み出した。そのなかで過疎地域の維持に重要となるのはコミューンであり，その持続性は行政範囲を補完する柔軟な領域に支えられていた。また，過疎解消に向けた政策対象は農業から農村へと転換し，法定年次休暇制度や早期離農政策は高齢者を農業から解放しツーリズムへと向かわせた。ツーリズムの展開に関わる過疎地域持続の背景には，フランスの労働観や農業文化，そして消費対象としての農村の存在があり，別荘地や二地域居住地としての役割が人々の還流を生み出していることが重要である。

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The purpose of this paper is to clarify the character of the equalized inheritance law of the French Civil Code through analyzing the trends of land ownership and agricultural production in France in the nineteenth century.
Of the studies so far made, some assume that the inheritance law of the Civil Code fulfilled the function of promoting the primitive accumulation of capital and others emphasize the farmers' tenaciousness in the inheritance custom and place the influence of the inheritance law of the Civil Code beyond consideration. As to the former, capitalism had not developed well in France and some doubts remain about such discussions. As to the latter, it is considered that the population pressure was extremely large and the land demand was also active in the agricultural villages of nineteenth-century France and it seems that under such circum-stances the inheritance law of the Civil Code assuming the equalized inheritance as a rule had a definite influence on the trends of land ownership and agricultural production, and without such considerations, it is impossible to grasp the meaning of the same law sufficiently.
Thus, in this paper, the trends of land ownership and agricultural production in those days are clarified based on the actual conditions and the meaning of the inheritance law of the Civil Code is discussed. Then, it is made clear that the inheritance law of the Civil Code promoted land ownership division and the intensification of agricultural production-especially, labor intensification; that is, the farmers were oriented toward inputting increasingly more labor so as to support themselves on the gradually divided land.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the role of small-scale production in the fashion industry with special reference to the organization of production. The development of the Saint-Etienne ribbon industry from the second half of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century will serve as an example. Saint-Etienne specialized in high-grade articles. For the production of ribbons it relied on small-scale organizations called chefs-d'atelier, which consisted mainly of merchants and master ribbon weavers with ateliers equipped with a few looms. These organizations were able to produce a continuous stream of new articles in response to changes in fashion. As the demand for low-grade articles grew with the 'democratization of fashion', people involved in the Saint-Etienne ribbon industry strove to improve productivity in their various capacities. A vital piece of evidence provided by these people is the fact that all their plans involved the retention of the chefs-d'atelier. This was because they all agreed to emphasize the production of high-grade articles with a high fashion sense rather than low-grade ones. This explains why chefs-d'atelier were able to maintain their central position in the production structure.

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This article aims to clarify the significance of the agricultural education for girls during the Third French Republic regime through examining the content of the elementary education, thereby clarifying how this education intended to orientate the farm girls. The historical materials used in this study include the elementary-level schoolbooks for the agricultural education for girls published in Paris in 1912 and the postscolaire programs for the agricultural education for girls founded as the elementary-level ones upon the reform of agricultural education in 1918. Based on schoolbook analyses, it can be said certainly that the agricultural education could have a function of directing the girls into the region of sanitation and housework labor, thereby enabling the reproduction of agricultural management. However, it is also clarified that it did not mean any function to separate the girls from the field of agricultural production, and the girls were orientated towards production activities through education in poultry feeding, vegetable garden management, etc. Even from comparisons of the education programs between boys and girls, it is confirmed that the girls were not excluded from the field of production and were orientated towards the field of labor, such as vegetable gardening, small-animal and poultry feeding. Moreover, from comparisons of the educational programs between boys and girls, it is pointed out that, while the items of the agricultural law systems were included in the programs for boys, they were not included in the programs for girls. It is clarified that, in the marriage systems and husband-wife ownership relations in those days, the women were placed in unfavorable positions and this situation was reflected in such a form that the postscolaire programs for the agricultural education for girls lacked education of the law systems, and these programs could have a function of incorporating the girls into the asymmetric law systems

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