In this article, I focus on the export of Russian cotton textiles and examine the distribution of textiles between Russia and Asia in the first half of the 19th century. After 18th century, Russia promoted trade with the Asian region. Persia, Central Asia and China were Russia's main trade partners. But, in practice, it was not Russian but local Asian merchants that promoted the trade between Russia and Asia. Armenian merchants mediated Russian trade with Persia, Bukharan merchants with Central Asia, and Shanxi merchants with China. It was no accident that these merchants mediated the trade between Russia and Asia. Armenian merchants controlled the Persian, Bukharan merchants the Central Asian, and Shanxi merchants the Chinese commercial sphere. These Asian merchants assumed responsibilities for the distribution of commodities and the financial system. Russia utilized the commercial networks of neighboring regions in carrying out trade with Asia. Asian merchants used mules and camels as means of transportation and organized caravans in the cycle of a year. They made use of the natural environment in Eurasia in promoting trade between Russia and Asia. The 19th century was the period during which Russian society moved away from the natural environment. In other words, it was a period of transition of power sources from natural energy and animal power to fossil fuels. If we divide the 19th century in Russia into two parts, in the first half of 19th century, steam engines were introduced in production, power sources transited from natural energy and animal power to fossil fuels, and mass production of cotton textiles became possible. In the second half of the 19th century, steam engines were introduced in the field of distribution (railroads and shipping), and again power sources transited from natural energy and animal power to fossil fuels, and mass and high speed transportation became possible. It is not difficult to imagine that this transformation radically changed Russian trade with Asia and had a great impact on Asian merchants' commercial networks. I will examine the transformation in distribution in the second half of 19th century in a later article.

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Waqf, the religious and pious foundation, is the social institution known in the geographically and historically extensive Islamic cultural area, it is therefore important for clarifying the characteristic of Islamic cities to study how Waqf affected to form a social and physical urban structure. From this viewpoint, this paper focuses on revealing a physical urban structure and forming process of Istanbul, as one case, during the 15th and 16th centuries by analyzing a pattern of facilities' locations recorded in the Waqf deed or its survey registers. As a result, it is recognized that religious and public facilities tended to be dispersed across the city area while commercial facilities tended to be concentrated in a specific area, so that the territorial difference of urban function in the city emerged at that time.

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We have been conducting science communication activities at areas affected by the great east Japan earthquake since after the disaster. The primary purpose of previous science communication activities was to improve the scientific literacy of the participants in the activities. Through our activities at areas affected by the disaster, we have been discussing science communication activities designed to help new community building. We conducted a survey of victims who participated in our science communication activities at Rikuzentakata City, Iwate Prefecture, to investigate the relationship between science communication activities and the formation of new communities. The results of the survey showed the following three points. 1) To improve quality of life, participants have a strong willingness of taking part in intellectual and cultural activities. 2) People who have little opportunities to relate with others want to participate in activities to improve the quality of their lives. 3) They recognize science communication activities as an effective way to improve quality of life. From the above, we concluded that there are needs of science communication activities to support new community building at areas affected by the disaster.

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This paper refers to a few observations on plan and structure of the funduqs in the Medina of Fez, reporting some results based on a field survey in July and August, 1988. Paying attention to their forms composing the courtyard-facade, 63 existent funduqs can be classified five architectural typos as follows : (1) Gallery type ; with colonnaded galleries surrounding the courtyard on the second and third floors, (2) Terrace type ; with open-terraced passageway around the courtyard on the second floor. (3) Composite typo ; with colonnaded gallery on the second floor and open-torraced passageway on the third floor, (4) Wall type ; having neither the gallery nor the terrace on the upper floors, the wall facing the. courtyard, (5) One-story type ; having no upper floor. It is the Gallery type (33 examples) that characteristic of funduqs in Fez. Two-story gallery type is simpler in design and more practical in use. Three-story gallery type might assume a significant function, distinguished from the others.

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本稿では、フランスで「ツィガン(ジプシー)」と呼ばれている人々の、ペンテコステ派キリスト教への大規模な改宗運動を例に、改宗という行為の背景を考察する。従来のジプシー研究では、本質主義的なジプシー文化論と、形式主義的なジプシーの「宗教利用」論が交錯し、ジプシー社会における宗教の位置づけは矮小化されてきた。そこで本稿では、ジプシーの改宗を、集団と個人の選別意識との相関から論じることで、従来尚のジプシーの宗教研究、改宗論一般に新たな視座を提供する。具体的には、4章でジプシー福音宣教会(MET)による宣教が、ジプシーが対峙してきた様々な集団間の差異を、キリスト教の論理によって超越させたことにより改宗が進んでいる点を論じる。5章では、集団間関係に収斂されない場で生じている個人と神との結びつきについて触れ、その結びつきが実際にジプシー社会の中で生かされたことが、大規模な改宗運動を支えている点を指摘する。

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Roman Ruins of Perge in South Turkey was surveyed on August 21, 1998. Ancient Roman Technology was researched. Wheel ruts by Roman chariots were discovered at stone pavement of the main road. Measured gauges are 1440+10mm, and they nearly equal to present international standard railway gauge of 1,435mm (4 ft 8.5 in). It is thought that there is the origin of the railway gauge to the wheel rut of the Roman chariot.

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The environmental regulation tends to become strict rapidly, and the further highly performance of DPF is demanded. Generally, the square cell design of DPF is worldwide standard. In recent years, DPFs with some another cell design have been realized by the improvement of processing technology. These DPFs have been developed for higher Ash capacity and lower pressure loss. In this study, we compared two DPFs performances between hexagonal cell and traditional square cell. We measured particle number concentration by EEPS to obtain filtration efficiency on early filtration stage; and we also measured pressure drop during soot loading at engine test bench. Results show that, the soot leakage on early filtration stage reduced rapidly with hexagonal cell. Backpressure during soot loading with hexagonal cell is lower than that of traditional square cell.

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Since 1996,major engineering societies in Japan, one after another, have established their codes of ethics. The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers is no exception; it promulgated its ethics code in 1999. While the clarification of each society's ethical values by establishing the code of ethics is a very important step, it does not guarantee the ethical behavior of its members. An engineering society has to construct and operate a comprehensive ethics program in order to increase moral autonomy with which its members can make sound ethical judgments, striking a balance among various values, and act responsibly in accordance with their decisions. In this presentation, the authors discuss essential features of an effective ethics program based on analysis of some good practices in industry. The authors also examine the need for a "values-sharing program, " through which an organization aims to share ethical values with its stakeholders, in encouraging ethical decision making among engineers.

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This article treats at a making process of a set of "the three big festivals in Tohoku (northeast district)" in Japan. Although these festivals (Aomori Nebuta Festival, Akita Kanto Festival and Sendai Tanabata Festival) are unrelated mutually, a newspaper reported an article of "the special summer festivals of Tohoku" in 1956. This report made the distribution of the use of the word of "the three big festivals in Tohoku". The tour plan that looking around three festivals was first made in 1962. The executive committees changed the festivals into the direction to suite for sightseeing. This success not only caused the immediate increase of the visitor, but also activated the cultural tourism in the area.

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　1986年に世界遣産に登録されたサナア旧市街は国際的協力を得て保全事業が進んでいる。しかし保全事業は住民不在で実施されてきた。また事業は歴史的建造物の修復・再利用が中心で，居住環境整備が遅れている。このような背景から本研究は，サナア旧市街を対象として，イエメン・イスラームの伝統的都市構造と都市住居に関する学際的（都市計画・建築学・文化人類学・社会学・保健医療）調査を通してその歴史的居住環境の実態を明らかにし，今後その地域の伝統的社会構造及び文化を保持・継承することを前提とした保全的開発の姿を提案することを目的とする。保全的開発の基本は住民の生活環境の改善であり向上である。そして新しく居住環境を創造していくことである。提案の主な内容は以下の通りである。1.住民参加のシステム構築：歴史的環境の保全には住民の意思と協力が不可欠である。旧市街の伝統的社会システムは変容しつつあるものの，ハーラの長であるアーキルは住民の信頼を得てまとめ役として存在することが判明したことから，ハーラを住民参加の母体，アーキルをその代表として位置づけ，保全計画に参画させるシステムをつくる。2.都市構造の保全：旧市街の約4分の1は緑地であった。緑地は近代化に伴う，水不足と伝統的エコシステムの分断により，荒廃・放置され，今後も放置緑地は増加する傾向にある。モスクに単独浄化槽を設置し排水の再利用をはかることで緑地への水の供給を確保し，緑地の再生を試みる。土地利用の復旧は都市構造の保全として有効である。旧市街の保全と開発はさまざまな問題が絡み合って複雑化している。しかし，保全の担い手はサナア住民であることを保全計画に関わるあらゆる人びとが認識することから保全的開発は始まり，問題解決の糸口もそこにある。

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After the 1960's, many adolescents who were mainly the junior high shool or high shool graduates flowed into the Tokai area from Kyushu. The most part of them were persons in collective employments and have been living in Tokai area. Now they are 30's or 40's and bring up children. Some sociologist and psychologist suggest that some of them worry about home life, child care and child education. Then we have had many interviews for the labors or house wives coming from Kyushu. It is suggested that the achivement of developmental tasks in adolescence affects the adult life. The purpose of this study is to analyse each case record in full detail and to clarify the crisis of personality development and the process of overcoming it in adolescence. Five cases (3 men and 2 women, from 20's to 50's) are analysed from the stand point of (1) the acquisition of life skill. (2) the decisive encounter in adolescence, (3) general intellectual ability, (4) total maturity of personality, and (5) the social network of personal relation. Be based on the case study, it is discussed the relation of the personality development in the adolescence and the preceding 5 hyposeses. Finally the originality and methodology of this study (for example, personal interview) is examined in comparision with psycho-clinical approach.

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第57回日本神経学会学術大会

会　期：平成28年5月18日（水）～5月21日（土）

会　場：神戸コンベンションセンター（神戸国際会議場・神戸国際展示場）・神戸ポートピアホテル

大会長：徳島大学大学院医歯薬学研究部医科学部門内科系臨床神経科学分野　梶　龍兒

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