While the problem of "ijime (bullying)" has become serious among pupils, few scholars have paid attention to this problem until recently. Among the studies done by scholars, most of them are fact-finding surveys and are not enough to explain why pupils bully others. Pupils' ijime behavior is sometimes very violent and such behavior is often portrayed on TV programs. Thus, it is possible to consider the issue from the view point of TV violence. Many researchers have undertaken studies of TV violence in western countries. Several theories on the mechanics of how television violence affects the viewer have been raised. One such theory, supported by past research, deals with the effects of modeling as well as of desensitization. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of "ijime" TV programs on children within the framework of observational learning theory and desensitization theory. The following three hypotheses will form the basis for this study. 1) Pupils exposed to "ijime" TV programs tend to bully others. 2) Pupils learn ways of bullying more through TV than any other medium. 3) Pupils exposed to "ijime" TV programs are more desensitized to bullying behavior by others. A survey was conducted in order to test the above hypotheses. The subjects were 977 (male 497, female 480) junior high-school students. The questionnaire included the following headings: 1) sex 2) programs frequently watched 3) experiences of bullying behavior 4) media through which students learn this bullying behavior 5) degree of desensitization to real bullying (students were asked how they would react if they happened to see real bullying by others) The first hypothesis was proved as a result of a chi square analysis of the obtained data; while the others were not. By discussing these results, the following were suggested. 1) In measuring desensitization, our questionnaire did not seem to be sensitive enough, and this reminds us of the basic problem of difficulty in measuring attitude. 2) In the process of learning bullying behavior, personal media as well as mass media seem to function as sources of acquiring bullying methods. This suggests that it would be necessary to clarify the interaction of these two types of media. 3) Pupils exposed to " ijime" TV programs tend to bully others and this suggests the necessity to control the portrayal of bullying behavior on TV.

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Since the so-called NPO law enforced in 1998, over 4000 NPOs have been certified. Because most of NPOs are immature and most of people have little understanding of NPO, the overevaluation and the underevaluation for NPO are intermingled in our society now. However, collaboration between NPOs and corporations has been growing especially these 5 years. We divide the collaboration relationships into 3 categories. (1) In philanthropic activities; 1) Donation (a case of Levi Strauss Japan and JCIE), 2) Volunteer (a case of Osaka Gas and plural corporations and NPOs), 3) Technical support through principal profession and technorogy (a cace of JAHDS). (2) In development of social services and goods (a case of Matsushita Electric and E&C, a case of IBM, a case of cause-related marketing). (3) In business tie-up (a case of NEC and kankyobunmei21, a case of Taiyonoie and Omron, Honda, Denso). We research some new collaboration and/or alliance cases, and find out new ways to collaborate to achieve their goals and contribute to society. Finally we point out some problems to be solved for making the collaboration work. For Businesses, they must understand the new concept of corporate citizenship and strategically operate the collaborative activities. For NPOs, they must have the attractive specific knowledge and network, and develop their management skill and social entrepreneurship for making the social innovation. For both of them, firstly, they should disclose information about their missions and activities for each other, and secondly we make effort to construct the intermediate NPO center in the community to match their operations.

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