本研究ではキッカーにゴールのさまざまな地点へ

させ, ゴールキーパー (GK) が実際にダイビング動作によって対応した試技の動作を対象に, GKがの飛来する地点を予測する際に有用なキッカーやボールの動きについてバイオメカニクス的に検討することを目的とした. その結果, 右利きのキッカーが自身の左方向へを行う際, 軸脚の足部や体幹の回旋角度が, 右方向へする場合よりもより左方向へ向くことが明らかとなった. また, がGKの近くまたは遠くに飛来するのかといったの距離や飛来するの高さについては, インパクト後のボールの軌道から素早く判断し, 対応しなければならないことが明らかとなった.

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近年、マルチメディアの発展に伴い高精細映像伝送の高速化や、大容量記憶媒体の小型化などといった技術も発展してきている。その実用例として地上デジタル放送やテレビ録画が上げられる。しかし記憶が大容量になる一方で、その情報を取得するユーザーのことは考慮されていないといえる。そこで、蓄積された長時間の映像データを効率よく視聴するためにスポーツ映像データを解析し、有益な情報をユーザーに提供する研究が行われている。その1つにハイライト生成がある。スポーツの中でもはメジャーでありハイライトを生成することによる得られる効果は大きいと思われる。

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the characteristics of Kinästhese soccer players. In or-der to achieve this purpose, firstly literature on the reason that why soccer players cannot handle the ball deliberately have been reviewed. According to the literature, making the game more ap-pealing and using“ art of foot” was the main reason of prohibiting soccer players from handling the ball deliberately. Secondly, meaning of kicking the ball has been studied. As a result, kicking the ball is a kind of behavior which determine losing or winning of the game. As for the Kinästhese soccer players, we concluded that conscious effort [I will kick the ball] is one of the major charac teristics which should be considered by coaches.

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における連続する攻撃プレーを予測するために、攻撃プレー系列に依存して順次攻撃プレーを予測するモデルを構築することが必要である。本研究の目的は、LSTM（Long Short-Term Memory）を用いたリカレントニューラルネットワークを適用して、までの連続する攻撃プレーを予測するモデルを構築することであった。ゲームのトラッキングデータとボールイベントデータを使用した。標本はJリーグ2016の2試合での6443プレー（学習用80%、検証用20%）であった。予測モデルは、LSTM、ロジスティック回帰（LR）、サポートベクターマシーン（SVM）を適用した。予測モデルの精度は、LR（24.3％）、SVM（23.5％）、LSTM（44.1％）であった。LSTMモデルが予測する連続プレーにおける出現確率を予測した。最大出現確率（10.9％）のまでの攻撃プレー系列は、直接FK→トラップ→中央ゾーンへのスルーパスの順であった。ゲームデータから連続する攻撃プレーを予測するためのLSTMを用いたモデルは、従来の統計手法と比較して妥当である。

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には2種類の球種がある．その中で，ほぼ無回転で飛翔しゆらゆら揺れるがある．このは多くの名ゴールキーパーを悩ませている．このの変化のメカニズムについては流体力学的にまだ十分に明らかになっていない．そこで本研究では，画像解析，風洞実験よりこの解明を試みた．画像解析よりボール飛翔時に加わる空力係数は0.15程度であることがわかった．また，風洞実験よりボール背面渦を捉えることに成功した．ボールまわりの流れは表面粗さの効果により滑面球の超臨界レイノルズ数付近の流れになっている．この付近の流れを説明した種子田の主張をボールに適用することにより,この変化球は説明できた.

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　This study aimed to clarify the biomechanical characteristics of preparatory motions required for defensive diving by soccer goalkeepers (GKs). Seventeen collegiate male GKs and 14 collegiate male outfield players (strikers) participated. The experimental setup was based on a previous study (Numazu et al., 2019), and the experiment was conducted using simulated shooting situations in the penalty area. Three-dimensional coordinate data for the GKs and strikers were captured using 2 motion capture systems with 24 cameras (250 Hz, 16 cameras for the GKs and 8 cameras for the strikers). The 2 systems were synchronized by an analog signal (1000 Hz). We analyzed 430 trials where the GKs dived toward the shot (NU: 75 trials, NM: 94 trials, NL: 37 trials, FU: 58 trials, FM: 83 trials, and FL: 83 trials). The participating GKs performed a small jumping motion vertically upward, similar to a split-step, as a preparatory motion. The primary variables computed were as follows: elapsed time of preparatory motion, velocity of the center of gravity at takeoff in the frontal plane, stance width divided by leg length, height of preparatory motion, segment angle of the trunk in the sagittal plane, and angles of the lower limb joints. The major findings were as follows: 1) To respond quickly to the shot, the GKs leaned the trunk forward and flexed the lower leg joints, externally rotated the hip joints of both legs, abducted the hip joints, and opened the feet to 70% of the leg length. 2) GKs performed the take-off of the preparatory motion simultaneously when the striker made contact between the support leg and the ground. 3) It was considered that GKs changed their movement to match the flight trajectory of the ball later than CSon.

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The present study was investigated the strategy of modern football. And we analyzed of the offensive system during 8 games in the World Cup Italy 1990. Average goals per game was 2.19 (in 52 games and 114 goals). The number of stealing the ball per 1 game were, in a team won a game, 116. 8 times/game and 114. 1 times/game in a team lost a game. The most number of stealing the ball in the field was 549 times in Area B (defending nalf). In a team won, numbers of stealing the ball in Area D and E was more than that of a team lost a game. With regard to a style of stealing the ball, a team won a game had lots of direct free kicks and pass intercepts etc. , but a team lost a game had lots of goal kick and saved a ball by goal-keeper. With pressing a highly developed tactic, success often depended on a team's ability to cop e with crowded areas and intense pressure. One significant factor in this situation was the speed with which a team reacted to a lose or gain of possession. Stealing the ball, counter attacking at space, taking quick free kicks, and surprising the oppositi on with either fast or disguised moved were all important methods of overcoming compact, highly organized team units.

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　The aim of this study was to shed light on preparatory sequences performed by elite goalkeepers for defense against shots in response to variations in the position from where a shot at goal is taken, and in the number of touches ahead of the shot. The samples were extracted from videos of shots in all 64 matches of the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. First, to analyze the characteristics of shots in elite games, data on shots from different areas and after various numbers of touches were studied. Then, to analyze the preparatory sequences taken by goalkeepers to defend against those shots, the shots were classified into 6 groups based on ‘the presence or absence of a specific prejump’, ‘a change in the distance between the feet during the preparation period’, and ‘whether the goalkeeper was still in a moving position or had completed the move’. The results of this analysis of the characteristics of the elite game made it possible to divide the positions from where shots were taken in 2 types, based on the probability of the shot being on target and the probability that a goal would be scored. In addition, it was shown that when one-touch shots were on target, it was difficult for goalkeepers to defend against them. Next, as an overall trend, the most frequent preparatory sequence performed by goalkeepers was to prepare for a shot with a slight jump in order to widen the distance between the feet after they had finished moving into position. In addition, a breakdown of the preparatory sequences for various numbers of touches ahead of the shot revealed that – for onetouch shots – a proportion of goalkeepers moved into position until immediately before the shot was taken. Overall, from these analyses, it was concluded that elite goalkeepers must engage in different preparatory sequences depending on the circumstances of the shot.

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眼球は視野内の一点を凝視している場合においても、固視微動と呼ばれる不随意性の微小な運動が絶えず行われている。固視微動は主に跳躍的な運動であるマイクロ

ド成分、ゆっくりとした変動を行うドリフト成分、微小かつ高周波成分のトレマー成分の3 種類から構成されている。近年、固視微動には視野を確保する機能だけではなく、マイクロド制御系が、注意のような認知機構の影響下にあることを示す証拠が数多く報告されており，固視微動の特性を知ることは、人の認知機構を知る上で重要な指標となる．本研究報告では固視微動を状態空間モデルによってモデル化し、状態空間モデルの状態推定することで固視微動成分の分離と追跡を行う新たな方法を提案した．その結果，マイクロも含めて精度良く固視微動を追跡することが可能であった．また，固視微動追跡の予測中央値ならびにベイズ予測区間を用いるマイクロド検出法を新たに提案した．本マイクロド検出法は，平滑化微分と閾値によってマイクロドを検出する従来方法に比べ，マイクロド検出が可能であり，また検出率も高かった．

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 Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist es, deutlich zu machen, welche kinästhetische Weisheit des Leibes in welcher mäeutische Anleitung entsteht, wenn das effektive Annehmen eines Vorwärtspasses auf den Fuß trainiert wird. Es soll Material gesammelt werden, auf dessen Grundlage eine konkrete Anleitungsprozess erstellt werden kann, um bisher nicht mögliche Bewegungen möglich zu machen. Diese Untersuchung machte Folgendes deutlich.

1. Die taktische Stärke eines Spielers, der im Fußballspiel einen Vorwärtspass auf den Fuß annimmt, setzt sich aus den folgenden Elementen zusammen: 1) intuitive Weisheit des Leibes zum Erfassen des Raumes im eigenen Rücken, bevor der Ball angenommen wird, zusammen mit technischer Weisheit des Leibes, um den Körper in eine Haltung zu bringen, in welcher der Pass angenommen werden kann; 2)sowie intuitive Weisheit des Leibes, um den Raum abzuschätzen, damit der Ball im Moment der Passannahme nicht vom gegnerischen Verteidiger abgenommen werden kann, zusammen mit technischer Weisheit des Leibes, um den angenommenen Ball beherrschen zu können.

2. Die beim Empfänger des Passes entstehende Weisheit des Leibes entwickelt sich in einer Weise, bei der ständig erhaltenen visuellen Informationen eine intuitive Fähigkeit entsteht, die Weisheit des Leibes eingefühlt ist. Und greichzeitig damit entsteht ein Weisheit des Leibes zu einem Ganzen, die die beiden Arten technischer Weisheit des Leibes und intuitiver Weisheit des Leibes gemeinsam vereinigen sind. Es wurde deutlich, dass diese kinästhetische Weisheit des Leibes mit weiterer Erfahrung aktiver und passiver Absichtsentwicklung sowie mit verbalen und non-verbalen Methoden weiter angeregt werden kann.

3. Es zeigte sich, dass mittels der Entwicklung von intuitiver Weisheit des Leibes, mit dem der Empfänger eines Vorwärtspasses auf den Fuß bei der Annahme des Balls den Raum in seinem Rücken erfasst, sowie von technischer Weisheit des Leibes, um mit der entsprechenden Körperhaltung den Pass annehmen zu können, auch weiterer kinästhetische Weisheit des Leibes geschaffen und gefördert werden kann, wie zum Beispiel Bewegungen des Torwarts oder die Vorbereitung auf einen Schuss, für den der Spieler Richtung und Entfernung einschätzt.

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 Recently, Pass is the most important feature in soccer because FC Barcelona played with tac tics based on moving a lot of passes and got a lot of victory. Every day, Pass has a universal worth in soccer, and coaches often have training for passing skills. However, Passing does not mean just to kick a ball from one I to another you. Passing play is occurred with complicated factors. Therefore, Coaches need to know mechanism and structure of passes.

 The purpose of this study is to clarify body sensation of body wisdom in soccer players from a position of phenomenology. As a result of analysis of Kinästhese, several abilities were investigated. Ability of spatial perception to know where I am, ability of spatial perception to know where other players are, ability of spatial perception to know right direction where I go, ability to know suitable timing of pass, ability of perspective to ball, ability of perspective to other players, ability of expect that someone may score a goal soon, ability to feel presence of someone is there were investigated.

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本研究は,ロンドン2012パラリンピックに出場したブラインド上位4か国の角度および距離に着目し,各国の違いを明らかにするとともに,日本代表の競技力向上につながる一資料となることを目的とした.エリアの分析では,左サイド31-60°におけるが多いことがわかった(33.8%).位置(距離,角度)では,右サイドよりも左サイドからの攻撃が多いことがわかった.上位国は,左サイドからに至る攻撃スタイルを持っていることが示唆された.これらのことから,ブラインドよりも角度のあるの有用性が示唆された.また,ゴールまでの距離が近いほど枠内の確率が高くなることから,6m以内のの重要性を裏付ける結果であった.

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本稿では，ビデオゲームにおけるポジショニングに着目したディフェンス学習支援システムを提案する.ビデオゲームの初心者は，相手キャラクタの位置を把握しつつ，ディフェンスキャラクタ群の理想的なポジショニングを維持することが困難である.そこで本稿では，理想的なポジショニングを図形によりゲーム画面に重ねて可視化し，注意すべきエリアも強調表示する学習支援システムを構築し，有効性を示す.

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  The purpose of this study was to clarify the principal factors related to shot situations that affect the outcome of goalkeeping saves in soccer and to build a regression formula that would predict the difficulty of saving a shot. The samples were 551 shots at goal in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. The shots data were collected using game performance analysis. For statistical processing, the principal factors affecting the outcome of a save in soccer were revealed using logistic regression analysis. The principal factors that influenced the results of a save attempt were: the duration between initiation of the shot and when the ball reached the goal, the presence or absence of a defender in front of the shooter, the presence or absence of a defender located lateral or posterior to the shooter, the part of the body used to perform the shot, i.e. the head or the leg, the type of shot, i.e., a liner, a lob, or a grounder, the shot course in a mediolateral direction, the shot course in a vertical direction, the presence or absence of a change in the direction of the shot by other players, the shooter's position angle in relation to the goal line and the line from the goal post to the shooter, and the distance from the center of the goal to the ball when the ball reached the goal line. In addition, a regression formula was constructed to predict the difficulty of the save by combining the odds ratios of the main factors. It was verified that the difficulty in making a save could be accurately predicted using the regression formula (84.8%). As a future task, using our regression formula, it would be practically important to develop predictors for evaluating the ability of a goalkeeper.

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    In soccer, straight kick, curve kick and knuckle kick are used. Knuckle kick is performed in free kicks frequently, because it is easier to gain ball velocity than curve kick. So it became important kick skill. This study investigated effective training methods for knuckle kicks by considering the training processes used in a motor training experiment. In this study, 15 male collegiate soccer players participated in organized training with a coach approximately once every two weeks over a two-month period. During training, participant setbacks were recorded alongside commentary from the participants about their own kicks. An optical three-dimensional motion capture system was used to conduct motion analysis before and after the training period, analysing where the point of impact occurred on both the foot and ball. According to the motion analysis, the horizontal rotation of the ball was significantly decreased after the training period (p<0.05), showing improvement in the skills. Regard to learning of increasing ball velocity and decreasing ball rotation in knuckle kick skill, participants are divided into stepwise and simultaneous types. The setback that ball rotation get increase accompany with raising ball velocity was observed in the stepwise type. With respect to verbalization, participants were divided into two separate groups: voluntary verbalizing and onomatopoeic types. In the learning process, it was considered that participant of simultaneous and verbalizing type learned more effectively than others. It is therefore suggested that, amongst the training methods investigated in this study, training for simultaneous learning with verbalization is the most effective approach.

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One of the most important factors for winning football matches is to score goals. At the field level, one important attack strategy is to use the gap between the opposing defender (DF) and midfielder (MF) (DFMF gap). An attack strategy using the DF-MF gap is one of the challenges of Japanese football, but little research on this strategy has been done and its effectiveness is currently unknown. In the present study, therefore, using notational game performance analysis, we aimed to clarify the effectiveness of attacks using the DF-MF gap, and the characteristics of this strategy in the J League (JL) and the German Bundesliga (BL). The sample consisted of a total of 20 games: 10 in the JL (2015 season) and 10 in the BL (2015/2016 season). For statistical analysis, independent t test and chi-squared tests were conducted. In both the JL and BL, it was observed that for attacks using the DF–MF gap, the frequencies of shots, penalty area intrusions, and scoring were higher than for side attacks, suggesting that attacks using the DF–MF gap were more effective. Furthermore, a lower ratio of attacks using the DF-MF gap was observed in the JL than in the BL. Also, the success rate of play in the DF-MF gap and the occurrence rate of play in a “forward” direction was significantly lower for the JL than for the BL. These observations suggest that the difference between the JL and BL lies in the frequency of attacks using the DF–MF gap and in play within it. One of the challenges for the JL is to increase the frequency of play that carries the ball forward into the DF–MF gap without losing possession, in order to increase the occurrence rate of play in that area, and eventually the success rate of attacks using the DF–MF gap.

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本稿では，ゲームにおけるフォワードの動きに着目した初心者支援手法を検討する．一般的なゲームでは，プレイヤーに対するフィールドの状況に応じた戦術的な指示が少なく，よりよい戦術を学びにくい．初心者プレイヤーにとって，わかりやすい動きであるフォワードに着目する．自陣が攻められている状況と，敵陣を攻めている状況に応じて，フォワードの動きを初心者プレイヤーに学習してもらうシステムを試作する．

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