は、ボクシングの中で最も基礎的なパンチで、練習の初期段階に習得することを求められる技である。効率良くを習得させるコーチング方法を創出するために、まずスキルの評価指標作成と習熟過程の分析を行った。評価指標の作成では、初心者と熟達者の動作の相違点から、パフォーマンス結果とその要因を表すことにした。そして習熟過程は、ボクシングの未経験者にを指導し、定期的に計測を行ってパフォーマンスの変化を求め、指標間の関係を分析した。

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本論文は，日本で育ったウクライナにルーツを持つ子供たちの言語と文化的アイデンティティの関連性を分析するケーススタディの結果を紹介する．本研究では，ウクライナ人の若者（男性2人，女性2人）が言語的・文化的背景の異なる日本で多言語使用を通じ，日本の文化・社会をどのように受け入れているか，また母語・母国文化を維持する上でどのような問題に直面するか，さらにこの問題が彼らの文化的アイデンティティ形成にどのような影響を及ぼすのかを考察する．本研究は，調査協力者の文化的アイデンティティと言語使用，そして力関係に着目し，特に日本の学校においてはそれらの間に密接な関係がみられることを示す．また，少数派であるウクライナ人の子供たちが日本社会の一員となる上で，多数派である日本語の知識が彼らにどのように権限を与えているかを明らかにする．さらに，日本に移住した後に家庭内での使用言語を切り替えたウクライナ人の子供たちの経験を詳述する中で，家庭の言語使用を通して民族的アイデンティティがどのように構築されるかを論じる．

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農林水産分野では，生産現場で広く活用される研究開発の成果が求められており，農林水産研究基本計画においても研究開発を生産現場に近づける必要性が強調されている。自主技術の開発や国際機関での活動に積極的なインド共和国のパン

州では，パン農業大学を中心に「専門的・総合的評価」と「生産現場からのフィードバック」を繰り返す研究開発と速やかな情報共有および的確な課題抽出を行う普及体制が構築されており，インド農業の発展に大きく貢献している。本報では，2013年に実施したインド共和国での調査をもとに，パン農業大学が実践している生産現場に近い研究開発と普及体制について紹介する。

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乳牛に較べてバッファローでは横隔膜ヘルニアが高率に発生することが知られているが, その原因については明らかにされていない. 本論文においては, 外科手術を行った58例を対象として病因論的解析を行った. その結果本症の主要因としては, 第一に横隔膜の先天的脆弱性, ついで創傷性横隔膜腹膜炎に起因する横隔膜の脆弱化, 分娩による腹圧の上昇などが考えられ, これらが複合して本症を高率に発生するものと考えられる.

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チェンルネックを用いたTHAでは術中にインピンジメントを回避できるため，脱臼を予防できる可能性がある．今回このシステムを用いたTHAの術後脱臼について調査したので報告する．2006年8月から2013年4月までの間にProfemurシリーズを用いてTHAを行い術後6ヵ月以上観察できた327関節を対象とした．手術アプローチは後方が312関節，側方が15関節，骨頭径は28mmが169関節，32mm以上が158関節であった．骨頭径別の脱臼率や，脱臼例の詳細などを調査した．脱臼が6関節（1.83％）に発生していた．28mm径での脱臼率は3.55％であった．28mm群と32mm以上群に分けて脱臼率を比較すると，32mm以上群で有意に脱臼が少なかった（P＜0.05）．脱臼例は全例後方アプローチで28mm骨頭径であり，その多くが脱臼のリスクファクターを持っていた．結果としては後方アプローチでのTHAにおいて，チェンルネックの使用と28mm骨頭径では術後脱臼を減らすことはできなかったが，32mm以上の骨頭の使用やチェンルネックに対する習熟でさらに脱臼を予防できると思われた．

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チベット人の明確な人種的特徴を記載し,地域的変異を評価し,さらにチベットには二種の明確な人種があるとする古典的仮説を再検討する目的で,形態遺伝学的調査を行なった。その結果以下の知見を得た。
i)一般にチベット人はモンゴロイドに共通した身体特徴をもつ。体毛量は少なく,蒙古ヒダをもつ斜向した眼裂,突出した頬骨,比較的短い下肢長(metrioskelic)などである。彼らはワシ鼻をもち,中頭で中顔ないし高顔である。血液型についてみると,チベット中央部では0型が著しく多いが,周辺部へいくにつれてその頻度は減少する。
ii)対立遺伝子的頻度と形態的特徴における地域変異は必ずしも明確ではなく,遺伝的クラインを示す程度である。
iii)中央および東部チベット人の身体特徴の差の程度から,チベットには形態的に二つのタイプがあることが認められるが,二種の明確な人種が存在するという古典的仮説は認められない。

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A Geographical research project was carried out by the members of Research Teams of the University of Hiroshima during the period between 1967 and 1973. The first field research was carried out in the Ganga Plain and the second on the Punjab both in North India. An extensive as well as an o intensive approach were applied.
A. GANGA PLAIN
A brief reference to the field study in settlements in the Ganga Plain will be made first. Major subjects for field research were as follows: (1) villages and agriculture, (2) rural central places, and (3) industrial towns. However, reference is to be made to the first subject alone in this paper. It may safely be concluded that the ricecultivating area in the Ganga Plain is characterized by peasants, peasant village and peasant agriculture. A ringshaped structure was noted with inner, intermediate and outlying land. It may be argued from the ring-shaped arrangement of land-zoning, from the customs of land use, from the villagers' sentimental attachment to different zones, and also from some documents, that the prototype of the ring-shaped structure was a twofold arrangement: an area of enclosed land and its periphery. Traditional and conservative land use were noted everywhere.
B. THE PUNJAB
The geographical field research in the Punjab was carried out from September 27, 1972 to January 31, 1973 on a similar basis to the above-mentioned research in the Ganga Plain. This project aimed at studying the characteristics of the village and the culture on one hand and at probing into ways of modernization and economic development on the other. It was also hoped that a study of the geography of the Punjab would lead us to an understanding of the geography of the dry tropics and also of Indian philosophy. The following research items were proposed: natural environment and land use; historical background; village morphology and function; land use and agriculture; industrialization.
An intensive sample study was made together with an extensive general study. Schedules and checklists were carefully prepared in advance and revised on the spot from time to time. Sample study villages were selected according to the following indices: (1) isopleth of aridity index 20, which separates the wet area from the arid zone; (2) the availability of previous studies; (3) villagers' readiness to co-operate with us in research; (4) facilities for accommodation. Thus, the following four villages were selected:
a. Lohna: A Peasants' and Tribesmen's hamlet using traditional agriculture in a humid valley in the Lower Himalayas.
b. Gaggar Bhana: A Typical Village in the Punjab Plains with Canal and Tube-well Irrigation Facilities.
c. Salmatpur: A Village in Ferment in Cho(torrent)-land without Canal Irrigation Facilities.
d. Mangali: A Village on the Marginal Land of the Dry Farming Area in the Semiarid Zone of Haryana.
It must be first noted that radical changes—transformation—are noted in the Punjab Plains. Major results of the field research may be summarized as follows:
1. Development of irrigation facilities. The Punjab Plains were famous for the early construction of irrigation canals on a large scale not only in the Indian subcontinent but also throughout the world. These irrigation facilities had paved way for the “wheat granary”. However, serious problems were caused by them: raising of the ground water level and particularly waterlogging. Fortunately these problems have been solved by the construction of drainage canal and tube-wells in recent times. Thus, many parts of the Punjab Plains have benefited from the irrigation and drainage facilities, which have paved the way for the “green revolution”. But there is some fear of a lowering of the ground water level by over-construction of tube-wells.
2. The less conservative character of the society.

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Optical access systems have been widely deployed to support the optical broadband service, so-called Fiber To The Home (FTTH). Considering the rapid progress of mobile broadband services as well as the future society in which everything is connected to the network and the cyber space and the physical space are converged, optical access systems are expected to evolve to the common access infrastructure for various equipment and systems, This special issue highlights several important technologies among various researches for the evolution of optical access systems.

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　The javelic ball throw using a JaveBall is a track and field event designed for elementary schoolchildren and is regarded as an introduction to the javelic throw, an event for junior high school students, which in turn is an introduction to the javelin throw, an event for high school students and beyond. This study examined the effect of release parameters on flight distance in the javelic ball throw. Flight distances and release parameter values of 146 throws by 17 participants were measured. Initial velocity was the parameter with the strongest influence on flight distance. Release angle, angle of attack, and horizontal angle of attack had some influence, but flight distance did not differ markedly even when the values of these parameters were very low or very high. The ratio of the actual flight distance to the theoretical flight distance decreased with increasing initial velocity, indicating that achieving a greater actual distance becomes more difficult as the release velocity increases. Although the rotational speed of the JaveBall around its longitudinal axis was a factor that reduced the actual flight distance relative to the theoretical flight distance regardless of its magnitude, it was considered that the decrease in the actual flight distance relative to the theoretical flight distance will decrease when an extremely small rotational speed is applied without reducing the initial velocity. Although the javelic ball throw is intended as an introduction to the javelic throw, which in turn leads to the javelin throw, this study showed that the characteristics of the JaveBall are not necessarily similar to those of a javelin, for which the rotational speed increases relative to the increase in initial velocity. Athletes and their coaches should be aware of this if they expect to transition from the javelic ball throw to the javelin throw in the future.

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Turbo-jav is used as practice tools for a javelin thrower. The present study investigated the effects of throwing practice using the Turbo-jav on the javelin throw of beginners. Twelve university students participated in 30-minute throwing practice sessions once a week for four weeks, throwing a bamboo javelin, the Turbo-jav and a handball prior to a period of throwing practice using only the Turbo-jav. Throwing distance was measured for each of the objects, and throwing action was recorded using two high-speed video cameras. After the four-week practice period, the subjects' throwing distance was measured for each of the three throwing objects.. The throwing release condition and the positions of various parts of the body during throwing were calculated using the 3-dimensional DLT method..The results revealed that throwing practice using the Turbo-jav was effective for increasing initial velocity at release as well as increasing the movement of the throwing arm; however, the elbow was brought when throwing it..Using the Turbo-jav to practice throwing resulted in students mastering movements peculiar to Turbo-jav throwing. Thus, coaches and javelin throwers should be aware of the specific effects of throwing practice using the Turbo-jav.

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In order to consider the trajectory of the Turbojav, a wind tunnel test was performed using Magnetic Suspension and Balance System (MSBS), and the longitudinal three-component force was measured. The flight trajectory of the Turbojav was calculated from the measured aerodynamic force, and the throwing conditions were optimized using NSGA-II. It was found that the point where the flight distance of the Turbojav strongly depends on the initial speed and the point where the optimum release angle is around 40 deg are similar to those of the competition spear. On the other hand, the Turbojav had a large pitching moment, so the angle of attack during flight tended to converge to 0 deg, and it was found that the flying distance was less affected by the initial angle of attack compared to the competition spear. Based on these facts, in the Turbojav practice, the main focus should be to provide a larger initial velocity at a projection angle near 40 deg, and by throwing consciously at an angle of attack near 0 deg, the flight distance will be maximized. It can be a useful exercise for the Javelin sport as well.

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The "turbo-jav" is used in the javelic throw as an introduction to the javelin throw or as a technical tool with which to practice the javelin throw. The present study investigated the flight characteristics of the turbo-jav. The javelic throws of 50 junior high school and university students were measured. Each thrower was videotaped using two high-speed video cameras during while throwing the turbo-jav. Each condition of release of the turbo-jav was measured using the 3-dimensional DLT method. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between initial velocity and throwing distance in the javelic throw. A comparison of turbo-jav and javelin throws indicated that the throwing distance was not small even when the angle of attack is large. When the turbo-jav is thrown, the actual throwing distance is smaller than the theoretical throwing distance without air. In other words, the flight characteristics indicate that the flight of the turbo-jav in the javelic throw differs from that of a thrown javelin.

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The "turbo-jav" which is used for the javelic throw in the junior Olympic games has four fins at its tail unlike a spear used for the javelin throw. In order to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of the turbo-jav, we performed wind tunnel tests, throwing experiments and numerical simulations for the flight of the turbo-jav. In the wind tunnel test, we measured the drag force, lift force and pitching moment acting on the turbo-javs in a low speed wind tunnel at the flow speed up to 25 m/s. The experimental results showed that these aerodynamic coefficients are almost constant irrespective of the Reynolds number for given angles of attack when the flow speed is larger than about 12.5 m/s. The moment coefficient was found to decrease from zero with increasing angle of attack from zero. In accord with this property for the pitching moment, throwing experiments showed that the turbo-javs fly stably with oscillating angle of attack around 0. The flying distance, the orbit and the variation of angle of attack for turbo-javs launched by a launcher agree closely with the numerical simulation performed based on the wind tunnel test. The turbo-javs launched by the launcher are found to fly without rolling whereas the turbo-javs thrown by athletes rotate considerably. A comparison of the throwing experiments by athletes with those by the launcher suggested that the turbo-javs flying without rolling could reach farther than turbo-javs with rolling for the same initial conditions.

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The turbo-jav is a flying object used in the javelic throw in the junior Olympic games. In order to investigate the aerodynamic characteristics of the turbo-jav, we measured the drag force, lift force and pitching moment which act on the turbo-jav in a low speed wind tunnel at the flow speed up to 25 m/s. Test results show that the obtained drag coefficient, lift coefficient and moment coefficient are almost constant irrespective of the Reynolds number when the flow speed is larger than about 12.5 m/s. The dependence of these coefficients on the angle of attack is examined closely. By the use of these obtained coefficients, we have made a numerical simulation of the flight of the turbo-jav at various initial conditions corresponding to throwing experiments. The trajectories of the turbo-jav predicted by the numerical simulation were found to be comparable to those of the throwing experiments.

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