Since the 1980s, New Public Management (NPM) has been introduced to and implemented in the major member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Since then, NPM has evolved over time qualitatively from "the Re-Examination of the Role of the Government" (first phase) to "the Operation Method Reform of the Government Organization" (second-stage), and finally into "the Budget and Financial Management Reform" (third stage). During the same period as the introduction of NPM since the 1980s there have been new trends in education such as the decentralization of educational achievement responsibility, expanded options by parents, and promotion of further increased competition among schools. With these changes in mind, this article will look at the necessary conditions for successful new governance based on NPM. While following the evolving process of NPM, including various administration and financial management reform methods, the paper will evaluate the influence of each NPM stage on the Educational Budget and Administration sectors. NPM also had many influences on the education sector, and various new governance systems were introduced to promote Educational Administrative and Financial Reforms. They were centered on i) the combination of delegation of authority and evaluation as well as ii) conversion of principles from resource-investment-based to achievement and performance-based. However, both systems have problem areas, and for Educational Administrative and Financial Reforms based on NPM, it will be required to have i) a further improvement of monitoring and assessment methods of educational achievement and ii) further clarification of the content of the cost of education system and the promotion of its management. To overcome these issues, the author would like to count on the Public Accounts Reform as a part of the NPM's third stage, "Budget and Financial Management Reform." "Double-entry bookkeeping system / accrual accounting," will articulate the relationship between flow and stock, and more accurate calculation of the cost of education will be possible/ available. In addition, utilizing the property preservation control function (bill rule) which inheres within accountancy will enable an educational organization to build the structure that allows them to secure educational finances as well as to plan for continuous maintenance and improvement of the scale of educational administration. In the education sector, there is a unique characteristic of investing a large amount of funds in human resources, therefore, further development of the study of the mechanism to measure and evaluate human resources (Human Resource Accounting) may hold the key to the future success and failure of the implementation of NPM in the education sector.

抄録全体を表示

David Harvey (The Johns Hopkins University) visited Japan from 13 to 30 October 1994, by invitation of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. On this occasion the Working Group “Theories and Tasks of Social Geography” (head: Yoshiaki Takatsu, Niigata University), one of the research commissions of the Association of Japanese Geographers, organized this symposium. The attendance of approximately 300 members suggested growing interest among Japanese geographers in research on the relationship between space and society.
Harvey's keynote speech was preceded by the presentations of four Japanese scholars: Masami Fujii (Gauss) pointed out that Harvey had needed positivism only because he needed explanation in geography; Noriyuki Hirai (Hitotsubashi University) noted Harvey's intention to discover the social relations behind economics in his treatment of Marxian economics and crisis theory; Jun Kainuma (Nagoya University) explained how Harvey came to be an authentic heir to Henri Lefebvre's conception of space in his critique of postmodernism; and Keiichi Takeuchi (Komazawa University) examined Harvey's position in the development of “geographical thought” and discovered continuity in Harvey's work from the early 1970's until now.
The full text of Harvey's keynote speech and a summary of the discussions that followed are available in Series B of the Geographical Review of Japan, Vol. 67, No. 2, 1994.

抄録全体を表示

住宅供給システムとそれに対応した居住者特性には密接な関係があり, 特に入居条件において所得による明瞭な「輪切り」が作用する公営住宅は, 規模の大小を問わず周辺地域と明らかに異なった入居システムにより居住地域を形成することになる。問題となるのは, 公営住宅が福祉的意義を持つが故に, 経済力の向上した世帯や子供の成長による独立・転出の一方で, 経済力の向上があまり期待できない高齢者の残留や生活困窮者や高齢者の転入などの, 転出入の繰り返しにより特定階層の集積の問題が深刻化しつつあることである。本研究では, 大都市内部の東京都江東区の都営住宅を事例として1970年から1990年にかけての居住者の年齢別人口構成を国勢調査の調査区別集計結果を用いて分析した。その結果, 分析した地域スケールが小さかったため地域的な差異や住宅の種類による差異は明瞭ではなかったが, 1990年大部分の都営住宅において著しい高齢化がみられ, 高齢化直前の50歳代が特化した住宅も多いことが明らかとなった。

抄録全体を表示

習志野市における行政過程への住民参加の実態を検討する.行政は,市民本位の生活空間管理をめざしてコミュニティ単位に領域組織を編成し,これに参加する有志市民の組織化を試みた.しかし,行政領域に基づくこの試みは,住民側の既存の領域的な近隣組織と葛藤を生じ,結局後者が参加の主体となった.これは市政に参加する市民代表の性格を曖昧にし,市民の行政への要望や参加のあり方を局地化することになった.そこで,このように制度化した参加がいかなる実効性をもつのかを,近隣組織への加入率と提出された要望の実績によって評価したところ,街区ごとにかなりの差が認められた.そしてこの差には,入居時期と住宅事情,旧住民・就業産業状況等,世帯の類型・流動性の違いが一義的に対応ずることがわかった.また,市民の要望は,市民の生活環境評価の善し悪しや,宅地開発の形態を反映しているが,在来区域は制度の実効性に問題がある街区を多く抱えている.

抄録全体を表示