Along the coast of the Huang Ho ships could sail from Lan Chou to Ho Kou Chen. This water transport was used as the main economic artery connecting the North West of China and Peking. Medicines and other things were carried down on a raft from Lan Chou. Ho Kou Chen had grown more prosperous year by year in the Ching Dynasty as the terminus of this water transport.
Neither the officers of the central government nor those of the local government resided in Ho Kou Chen. The municipal administration was in the hands of an organization called ho chieh. Ho chieh was at first a territorial unit like a village having p'ai - a neighbourhood unit composed of ten houses - as its main substructure. With the development of commerce and industry, however, the p'ai turned into a gild merchant since merchant capital - mainly rice brokers and pawnbrokers - had come to hold real power. This organization had, therefore, a joint gild of rice brokers and pawnbrokers as its main constituents and many other gilds, such as the trade gild, the area gild, the neighbourhood gild etc. were placed under its control.
The gild merchant had two chiefs called hsiang ch'i. They were elected from, for instance, the rice brokers and they held their office at the hsiang ch'i fu. They had the pao chang do the administrative work. The pao chang arose from the pao chia system-an administrative organization, but actually the pao chang were employees of the ho chieh and were paid by them. In Ho Kou Chen there was nothing that had any connection with the government administration, nor was any kind of government autonomy enforced. Instead, the gild merchant, acting as go-between for the government officials and the people, carried on the peripheral affairs of the autocracy in obedience to the officials' orders on the one hand, and forced the officials to accept requests from the people on the other hand. One case of the former was the construction of embankments and one of the latter was the abolition of double taxation. So far as the municipal administration was concerned, the officials could do nothing without the help of the gild merchant and the gild merchant had no authority without the backing of the Ch'ing Dynasty. This was the real fact of the so-called "autocratic dynasty." The jobs of the hsiang ch'i fu (they were not undertaken on that body's own initiative) were to execute the municipal administrative affairs such as. administration of the court of justice, of the police, of the night watch; economic administration such as the standardization of weights and measures; public undertakings such as schools, wells, ferries; religious undertakings such as dedication of plays; various kinds of charitable undertakings and so on.Moreover, it did some temporary works such as offering prayers for rain in case of drought. It was a noticeable fact that the gild merchant had its own army, not the army of the government, and looked after the safety of the city and traffic.
Most of the various groups in Ho Kou Chen were at first neighbourhood units or area units, the latter being organized in every hsien in most cases, but with the development of commerce and industry, the gilds came to take the place of these units. After the appren-ticecraftman system was established, paternal autocracy thoroughly permeated every workshop on the one hand and on the other hand the family came into power as a communistic unit as a natural result of the feudalistic commerce and industry. The ho huo system was established as a structure for such commerce and industry as this. All storekeepers were under the control of merchant capital and at the same time they belonged to a community-like-fellowship. This contradictory state of affairs resulted in both disorganization and reactionary strengthening of the feudalistic commerce and industry. The gild was an organization founded on the feudalistic commerce and industry. It was organized differently for different trades.

抄録全体を表示

　本研究は，地域の住宅生産システムをになう既存の技能者育成システムに限界がみられ，また新しい技術や手法が導入されるという住宅生産システムを取り巻く環境が変化する中で，地域の住宅生産システムを安定的・継続的に維持していくための新しい技能者像とそれを育成する仕組みを検討しようとするものである。本年度は，昨年度の技能者育成の現状に関する調査結果を踏まえて，地域の住宅生産をになうべき技能者像と地域の技能者育成システムのあり様について検討を加えた。本年度の研究方法論としての特徴は，国内外の先進的取り組みの実態調査にとどまらず，技能者育成モデルに基づいたシミュレーションによって，技能者像や技能者育成システムのあり様について考察したことである。主な検討詰果は次の通りである。(1)国勢調査をもとに今後の技能者数の予測を行なった。予測条件を替えることによって，技能者育成方策の効果の検討を行なった。(2)各地の住宅生産技能者育成の先進的事例についてアンケート調査を行ない，特に育成している多様な技能者像と育成システムの課題を明らかにした。(3)将来育成すべき技能者像を多様な視点から整理し，いくつかの技能者育成組織における育成技能者像の時系列的な変化をみることによって，技能者の生涯モデルのあり様を検討した。(4)地域の住宅生産システムがおかれている環境条件に基づいて，熟練工と非熟練工といった技能者のタイプと技能者育成方法の妥当性についてのモデル・シミュレーションを行なった。(5)ドイツのデュアルシステムとアメリカのアプレンティスシップ制度による技能者育成の内容を，特に日本の育成システムと比較する観点から整理し，育成システムの持つべき要件を明らかにした。(6)最後に，これらの調査結果やシミュレーションによる検討結果を踏まえて，地域の住宅生産における技能者像とその技能者育成システムの要件を取りまとめた。

抄録全体を表示

In 1580, Elizabeth issued a proclamation, “charging and strictly commanding all manner of persons of what quality so ever they be, to desist and forbear from any new buildings of any house or tenement within three miles from any of the gate of the said city of London.” She attempted to check the growth of London by circling it with an enforced green belt, but it did not succeed.
My study as to the social structure of the time has come to the following conclusion: the failure of the green belt policy had its source in the social status of those days rather than imperfection of the proclamation and control system.
People, who lost their jobs due to the Inclosure for sheepfarming and Monastery Dissolution, went to cities and suburbs, mainly London, for work. Overce of Labour naturally caused a fall in wage.
Rural industry and suburban domestic industry outside the guild regulation employed the cheap labour, cooperated with rich urban merchants, and outrivalled the guild in the city. The craftmen in cities were thus reduced to poverty.
In order to remedy the situation, the Government formed an act touching Weavers and an act touching Divers for Artificers, Labourers, Servants of Husbandry and Apprentices. The royal proclamation to lay the green belt might be one of the preservation policies, but it helped develop monopolization of guild's market within the franchise.
While the London city authorities were managed by the senior members of the livery companies (the rising bourgeoisie), the Government, which closely connected with the new class, tries to maintain the old status of the social order neglecting the social and economical movements. The failure of the England's first green belt policy was referable to this social Status.

抄録全体を表示