Increased lumbar lordosis in the streamline position is likely to occur due to limitations in the thoracic spine extension. The function of thoracic spines is different among upper, middle, and lower part. The relationship between the thoracic and lumbar spine angles in the streamline position has not been clarified. We aimed to clarify the relationship between the upper, middle, and lower thoracic and lumbar spine angles in the standing streamline position. Eight male university students with swimming experience performed two tasks: static standing and standing streamline position. The spinal angle in the sagittal plane was evaluated by VICON. The difference between the aforementioned angles was used as the amount of change. The results showed a strong negative correlation between the amounts of change in the lumbar spine angle and upper thoracic spine angle (r = −0.75, p = 0.03). These results suggest that upper thoracic spine motion influences the lumbar spine motion.

目的：先天性片側前腕欠損を有するパラ

方法：先天性片側前腕欠損の日本人パラ

結果：上腕最大周径は全ての対象者において欠損側で小さかった．欠損側の肩関節屈曲可動域制限が5名の対象者に，内旋可動域制限が全対象者に認められ，全対象者の肩関節可動域に左右差が生じていた．

結論： 先天性片側前腕欠損選手の身体的特徴は，欠損側の肩関節可動域制限および健側との左右差に現れることが明らかとなった．

【目的】腰痛既往を有する一流男子競泳選手の蹴伸び姿勢における体幹アライメントの特徴を明らかにすること。【方法】男子選手の腰痛群9 名，非腰痛群15 名を対象とし，立位と陸上で再現した蹴伸びの2 条件で，体幹アライメントを評価し，柔軟性の指標と併せて比較した。【結果】蹴伸び条件において，腰痛群は非腰痛群と比較し，腰椎前彎角，骨盤前傾角，上胴後傾角，上胴伸展角が有意に大きいことが示された。一方，立位条件で2 群間の差は認められなかった。また，蹴伸び姿勢における下位胸郭の柔軟性は腰痛群で有意に低く，股関節や肩甲帯の柔軟性には差が認められなかった。【結論】腰痛群は，蹴伸び姿勢において過度な腰椎前彎を呈しやすく，その原因として下位胸郭の柔軟性低下が関係していることが示唆された。また競技レベルの高い一流選手であっても，特に腰痛既往のある者では， 蹴伸び姿勢において腰椎前彎を制御しにくくなる実態が示された。

【目的】人間の重心線は矢状面上にて各関節中心に位置し,直立位における関節負荷を少なくしている.また,高重心化から筋発揮率向上,歩行効率の改善にてエネルギー消費を抑えた長距離移動を可能としている.本稿では

【対象】対象A 氏,50 歳代女性.社員寮寮母をしており,数年前より右股関節出現.右THA 後も疲労感からフルタイム勤務困難.約2 ヶ月後左THA 施行となる.本症例はヘルシンキ宣言に則り,患者様に対して説明・同意を得た．

【評価】術前・術後(2 週・4 週)に定期評価（NRS,ROM,MMT,10mgait,Hip JOA）を実施し,10mgait・Hip JOA 歩行項目を比較し,歩行効率の指標とした．

【結果】 股関節伸展0°→10°足関節背屈0°→10°,MMT 股関節屈曲4→5,股関節外転4→5 の向上が見られた.Hip JOA 歩行項目では15 点→18 点と変化し，術前歩行動作でのAnkle Rocker の改善,重心の上方/前方移動改善,矢状面アライメントでの重心線の接近.また,10mgait9.4sec→7.9sec,歩0.65m→0.71m と増加が見られた．

【治療】

For competitive swimmers, the streamlined position is the most important position for reducing water resistance. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of spinal alignment during the streamlined position on passive drag generated by towing. Twenty-three male collegiate swimmers underwent a spinal alignment test and a passive drag test. The spinal alignment test measured the angles of thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis when the participants took the prone streamlined position on land. The spinal alignment data were collected using a Spinal Mouse to record the sagittal outline of the back. The passive drag test at streamlined position was measured by the passive towing method using a towing series comprising four 20-m towing trials at towing speeds of 0.7 m/s, 1.2 m/s, 1.7 m/s, and 2.2 m/s. Significant correlations were found between the angle of thoracic kyphosis and the coefficients of drag at 1.2 m/s, 1.7 m/s, and 2.2 m/s. No significant correlations were found between the angle of lumbar lordosis and coefficient of drag at any towing speed. These results suggest that the angle of thoracic kyphosis during the streamlined position would have a significantly effect on passive drag generated by towing.

This study aimed to provide a basis for the provision of appropriate guidance by clarifying the characteristics of development of gliding motions and flutter kicks as basic swimming techniques, involving second-（28）and fourth-（18）grade elementary school children. The experiment was conducted using a radio-camera for comprehensive underwater and water-surface recording（60 fps). Recorded gliding motions were classified into 3 patterns：Ⅰ（31）：kicking off the wall with both legs while maintaining both arms pointing forward；Ⅱ（14）：kicking off the wall with one leg while maintaining both arms pointing forward；and Ⅲ（1）：kicking off the wall with one leg while maintaining both arms pointing backward. Similarly, recorded flutter kicks were classified into 2 patterns：Ⅰ（43）：maintaining both arms pointing backward；and Ⅱ（3）：maintaining both arms pointing forward. The initial and mean velocities when adopting the streamline form were the highest in pattern Ⅲ, which was followed by Ⅱ and Ⅰ, in this order. In each pattern, the values were higher among fourth than second graders, suggesting that preparatory movements before and the streamline position after kicking had been mastered within the period between the second and fourth grades. On the other hand, regarding flutter kicks（pattern Ⅰ), there were no significant differences in the distance or mean velocity between second and fourth graders, or changes indicating improvements in these movements were not observed.

The purpose of this study was to compare active drag during front-crawl swimming performed by competitive swimmers with passive drag acting on the same group of swimmers with a streamlined position at various velocities. Seven male competitive swimmers participated in this study, and the testing was conducted in a swimming flume. Active drag was evaluated for front-crawl swimming with upper and lower limb motion using a methodology that estimates the drag in swimming using measured residual thrust values (MRT method). Passive drag was measured by a load cell connected to the swimmers with a streamlined position using a stainless-steel wire. In each case, drag was estimated at six staged velocities ranging from 1.0 to 1.5 m/s. To compare the drags at various velocities, we calculated coefficients a and b by applying the measured force value at each velocity to the equation D = a v^b (D: drag, v: velocity). The active drag estimated from the MRT method (a = 35.7 ± 5.3, b = 2.80 ± 0.22) was larger than passive drag (a = 23.6 ± 3.1, b = 2.08 ± 0.23). Furthermore, the difference between active and passive drag was large at high velocities. Therefore, it is possible that the effects of factors other than posture and/or body shape have a large influence on active drag, especially at high velocity.

    In this study, we analyze the gliding form by using a digital video camera system connected to an underwater force plate. In addition, we also examine the streamlined position of the body by considering motion analysis and the locus of the center of gravity as well as information regarding the body positions in the pre and post skill practice stages. Six male and seven female beginner varsity swimmers were employed as subjects for measuring the force and the images of the gliding motion while swimming. The experimental protocols were as follows: approximately an hour per day, twice a week, and a total practice period of around a month. The average distance covered by the gliding motion for the male swimmers was 7.5 ± 0.64 m in the pre-training stage and 8.50 ± 0.93 m in the post-training stage. On the other hand, it was 6.9 ± 0.91 m in the pre-training stage and 8.1 ± 1.52 m in the post-training stage for the female swimmers (p<0.05). There were significant differences between the pre and post-practice stages with regard to the duration of push off in the male and female subjects, respectively. During the post-practice stage, the depth of the center of gravity for the male and female subjects was more apparent than that during the pre-practice stage; in addition, the angle of the hip joint appeared at a position parallel to the water surface, submerging 0.5 s after kick off. Moreover, the awareness of the body position during the gliding motion showed greater values when compared with that of the pre-practice stage. The body position of the male and female swimmers, particularly during the contact phase and after the kick off phase, exhibited deeper submerging with a streamlined position. These findings support the notion that it might be beneficial for beginner swimmers to perform the gliding motion underwater at a depth of around 0.4 m in order to reduce the vortex drag efficiently.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dynamics work load in swimming with cloths from the view points of power and resistance force using semi-tethered and glided swimming. In semi-tethered swimming (STS) study, the power in STS with cloths was bigger than that with swimming wear, neither crawl and breast stroke. On a decreasing ratio from the power with swimming wear to the power with cloths, that in crawl was bigger than that in breast stroke. In glided swimming study, the resistance force between glided swimming in streamline with cloths and that with swimming wear was almost the same. This result was thought to be influence of the shoes, of which specific gravity was light, wore with cloths. However, in glided swimming with arm stroke motion in crawl, resistance force with cloths was bigger than that with swimming wear. Furthermore, the difference between the resistance force with cloths and that with swimming wear expanded with increase in swimming velocity.