This paper examines how the Ottoman governing system was introduced and settled in eastern Anatolia from the perspective of the local administration system. After the Ottoman Empire held the eastern Anatolia under its control in the 16th century, two provinces, namely Diyarbakir and Van, were established in 1515 and 1548 in the region. The Ottoman Empire grasped the situation of Kurdish amirs (chieftain) who had governed the area and integrated the territories of amirs as sancak (subdivision of a province). However, the Ottoman Empire differentiated sancaks of amirs from other typical Ottoman sancaks. After the province of Van was established, sancaks of amirs were divided into several groups. The sancaks of powerful amirs were called hukumet whereby amirs were entitled for specific authority. Hence the Ottoman Empire distinguished sancaks of amirs by the level of authority. As a result, three types of sancaks emerged such as ordinary sancak, ocaklik sancak (hereditary holding sancak), and (ocaklik) hukumet. Ordinary sancaks and ocaklik sancaks were replaced or changed between them, although hukumets had no change throughout the 17th century. Vocabularies used in the archival sources clearly indicate the characteristics of the above-mentioned three types of sancaks. In the 16th century vilayet meant province, whereas eyalet was used in the 17th century instead. Sancaks of amirs were recorded as vilayet or eyalet in the 16th century, and these were replaced with liva, ocakhk liva, and (ocaklik) hukumet in the beginning of the 17th century. The local administration system did not clearly place the sancaks of amirs throughout the 16th century. The term such as vilayet or eyalet represented its uniqueness as unordinary sancaks, and they were no longer in use due to the establishment of hukumet in the 17th century. It should be noted that the establishment of hukumet is the most significant characteristics in the local administration system of eastern Anatolia. Since land survey was not conducted and timar system was not implemented, hukumet meant sancaks entitled with specific authority. The central government provided some of hukumet amirs with sancaks or provinces, same as their own hukumet, which was exceptional financial privilege compared with other sancak beyi (district governor) in the same era. However, most cases aimed to ensure the additional revenues for sancak beyi or beylerbeyi (provincial governor), since most of hukumet amirs served concurrently as sancak beyi, and usually they were released in a short period. The Ottoman Empire gave specific privilege to amir, however, the Sultans still kept appointive power to sancak beyi and the appointment required approval by beylerbeyi. In practice the request by other people aside from beylerbeyi was also widely accepted. The Grand Vizier, commander of military campaign positioned above beylerbeyi at the central level, and other amirs or tribes lead by amirs were able to confirm the requests. The Ottoman Empire gradually integrated amirs into its governing system. For instance, the central government made certain economic requisites in appointing sancak beyi, or deprived the inherited privileges when the conflict over the position of amir occurred. Unlike ordinary sancaks of the Ottoman Empire, the amirs in eastern Anatolia inherited the post of sancak beyi within family. The situation could easily allow the internal conflict over the post of sancak beyi, since the sequence of inheritance was not unanimously defined. The amirs requested the central government to mediate and intervene for conflict resolution, and accepted the economic requisites proposed by the central government, which in turn provided an excuse for its intervention to the central government. The administrative and financial systems introduced in the 16th century gradually stabilized the Ottoman governing system in eastern Anatolia through the 17th century.
抄録全体を表示