日本および韓国産属 (Odontobutis) O.obscura obscura, O.o.interruptaおよび0. platycephalaの分化の程度を, アイソザイムを支配する21遺伝子座を用いて遺伝学的に検討した.その結果, 各々は遺伝的に非常に離れており (D=1.053-1.230), 3者の間で9遺伝子座において対立遺伝子の置換が見られた.それゆえ, 2亜種は, コウライと同様に独立した種とみなすべきと判断された.学名としてに対してはO.obscuraを, セマダラに対してはO.interruptaを使うことを提唱した.

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属魚類について再検討を行なった.属は, 1) 平坦な骨質隆起が眼の背方上部にある事, 2) 前鯉蓋骨に棘がない事, 3) 鋤骨に歯がない事, 4) 鯉孔は目の下方まで達する事, 5) 両眼間隔は眼径より大きい事, 6) 背鰭前部鱗は鼻孔後方に達する事などで定義される.該当種はOdontobutis obscuraobscura, O.o.potamophila, セマダラ (〓〓〓〓〓) O.o.interruta, コウライ (〓〓〓) O.platycephalaで, 後2者は新亜種および新種である.
O.platycephalaは頭部側線感覚系において孔器列の前鯉蓋下顎列上にふたつの感覚管を有する事で他の類と明瞭に区別される.O.o.potamophilaとO.o.interruptaは眼上列眼後部にひとつの感覚管を有する事でO.o.obscuraと区別される.O .o.potamophilaとO.o.interruptaの差異は前者が眼下列と眼前頬縦列が分離しているのに対し後者はそれらが連続している事である.また後者の体側背方には明色帯が縦走するため暗色鞍状斑は中断される.
O.o.obscuraは西日本, O.o.potamophilaは中国に分布する.O.o.interruptaは韓国の錦江以北の西韓亜地域に, O.platycephalaは東韓亜地域北部を除く韓国全土にそれぞれ分布している.

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目的　は東北地方の太平洋沿岸地域で食されている魚であり、その他の地域ではあまり利用例をみない。の料理も地域独特のものがあるように見受けられる。そこで、岩手県のの地域性と調理例について検討した。
方法　岩手県内陸部の盛岡市と一関市、沿岸部の久慈市と大船渡市の４地区の家庭の魚介類調査を実施した。その結果からに関するデータを取り上げ、分布、魚名、料理名、調理法等について調べた。４地区の郷土料理の記述調査を実施し、の調理例を調べた。
結果　料理数は久慈が多く、一関、大船渡、盛岡の順に少なくなった。全料理数に占める割合は久慈および大船渡が多かった。魚名は多くがとしていた。他の魚名としてエゾアイナメが久慈と盛岡に、クジメが大船渡にあった。エゾアイナメおよびクジメは地方名であると記されていた。主調理法は約半分が汁物で、煮物、焼物の順であった。汁物のうち３分の２は味噌味であり、大根、ネギ、豆腐と同時に用いられていた。煮物は、醤油味であった。塩味も１例あった。焼物は、久慈に多く塩焼きであった。焼く時に頭を下ではなく上にして逆さに焼くなどの特徴があった。一関で味噌味で田楽にするとあった。久慈では、たたき、汁、逆さ焼き、干物の料理があった。大船渡では刈り上げ（畑の仕事が終わる日）に汁、一関ではえびす講のときに味噌田楽という様に、季節の行事と結びついていた。地域により独特の魚名と調理例があった。

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Embryonic, larval and juvenile morphologies of the freshwater goby Odontobutis hikimius, reared in an aquarium, were observed and described. The egg mass (ca. 200 eggs), spawned on the glass wall of the tank, were cared for by the male. The eggs were ellipsoid in shape, 3.74-3.80mm (long axis) by 2.20-2.35mm (short axis), and attached to the glass wall with adhesive threads. Larvae hatched out 14-16 days after spawning. Just-hatched larvae were 6.04-6.11mm in body length (BL), with 18+12=30 myomeres, completed notochord flexion, and all fins represented. However fin ray numbers were not completed. Melanophores were present on the head, cheek, trunk below the first and second dorsal fins, and caudal peduncle. Eleven days after hatching, juveniles of ca. 8.45-8.75mm BL had full fin ray complements. They grew to ca. 11-12mm BL after one month from hatching, ca. 50-60mm BL after 6 months and ca. 70-115mm BL after one year. The cephalic sensory papillae developed in 11-day-old juveniles at ca. 8.6mm BL. Opercular papillae group 17 was clearly connected with group 19 over ca. 11mm BL, such being an important character for distinguishing adults of this species from similarly-sized O. obscura. Sensory canal c was apparent in specimens over ca. 70mm BL.

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Larval development of Odontobutis obscura obscura, reared with Artemia sp.and Limnodrilus sp.for about two months, was observed in a room maintained at 20±0.5°C. The development was classified into nine nominal stages, and was compared with that of O. o. interrupta and of O. platycephala. The size and shape of the eggs and the development of this species are similar to those of O. o. interrupta and O. platycephala. From the juvenile stage, O. obscura is distinguishable from O. platycephala by the appearance of dark bands on the body located in the same position as in adults. O. o. interrupta is also distinguished from O. o. obscura in the juvenile stage by the presence of melanophores on the dorsal and ventral sides of the caudal peduncle. The anal fin fold of O. obscura is higher than the dorsal fin fold, but the two folds are equal in height in O. platycephala. O. obscura has a well-developed air bladder and swims high in the water at the feeding stage. O. platycephala has a poorly developed air bladder and swims on the bottom. Xanthophores are observed at an earlier stage and more strongly developed in O. obscura than in O. platycephala. Growth rate is faster in O. obscura than in O. platycephala. O. obscura spawns at a smaller body size than O. platycephala. In O. o. obscura, the arrangement of cephalic pit organs is completed at 14mm SL. In O. o. interrupta, this arrangement is completed at the same time or a little later than in O. o. obscura. The infraorbital and verticalantorbital pit lines of O. platycephala, which are separated in the adults, are connected until the juveniles measure about 30mm SL. These pit lines are connected even in the adults of O. o. obscura and interrupta. In O. platycephala, the sensory canals are first formed behind the eyes, then dorso-anterior to the eyes, then at the posterior edge of the preopercles and finally anterior to the eyes. Postocular canals begin to form in individuals more than 20mm SL. All individuals of O. o. interrupta more than 70mm SL have postocular canals. O. o. obscura has no sensory canals throughout life. The differences in growth rate, body size at spawning, and the time of completion of the cephalic lateral line system suggest paedomorphosis in the three taxa studied here.

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カラ

はベトナム北部から中国東部を原産地とする純淡水魚である．2010 年に茨城県の菅生沼において国内で初めて確認された国外外来魚であり，利根川本流への分布の拡大が報告されている．このような状況下で，東京都葛飾区の利根川水系江戸川で本種1 個体が採集された．本個体の侵入経路として，既知産地から利根運河を介した江戸川への拡散と，既知産地とは独立した新たな人為的導入の2 通りの経路が考えられた．本種は肉食魚類であることから，在来生態系への影響が懸念されている．今後は本種の継続的なモニタリングを実施するとともに，侵入の初期段階での防除の検討が望まれる．

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キュウリ夏節成はウ病に対して抵抗性を示す。夏節成と非抵抗性品種との F₁, F₂ およびBC 系統の分離から, この抵抗性の遺伝子分析を行ない, また果実の刺の色との連鎖について調査した。
1. 夏節成のもつウ病抵抗性は1対の劣性遺伝子 (pp) に支配される。
2. 果実の刺の色は黒が白に対して優性で, 1対遺伝子に支配される。
3. ウ病抵抗性遺伝子と果実の刺の色の遺伝子の間には連鎖は認められない。

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Electrolyzed water, considered much less harmful than chemical fungicides, is used for sanitation in hospitals and dental clinics. Now it is of great interest in agriculture and it is used experimentally by some farmers and growers. However, scientific research is yet few. The following experiments were carried out to reveal the efficiency of electrolyzed water in controlling powdery mildew on cucumber.
Anode water solely or alternately with cathode water was sprayed in intervals of two to four days. The two controls were no fungicide spraying and conventional fungicide spraying.
Electrolyzed water, though not as effective as fungicides, apparently reduced powdery mildew on cucumber leaves from 16 days after planting for about two weeks. The day after spraying Brix of fruits from plants sprayed with anode water was higher than Brix of fruits from fungicide sprayed plants and non-sprayed plants.

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1. 本報告はウ菌の吸器の發育,構造と吸器嚢に就ての實驗,觀察の結果である。
2. 分生胞子の發芽は生葉上では,酒精で處理し水洗したタマネギの塊莖又は植物の葉の表皮上に於けるより劣る。この害作用は寄主の葉にも認められる.
3. 穿入菌糸の形成には植物細胞から滲出する物質の刺戟を要しない。
4. 外部寄生性のウ菌の吸器はErysiphe graminis型とE. cichoracearum型との2つに大別される。何れに於ても吸器の楕圓體の兩端に突起ができるが,前者では突起が外方に向つて指状に伸び,後者では囘旋しつゝ伸びて楕圓體の表面を蔽ふ。
5. 極めて若い吸器は寄主細胞の原形質と直接に接するが.成長した吸器は透明な液體を含む吸器嚢によつて常に隔てられる。吸器嚢は最初一般に吸器の首部に近い所に現れ,次第に先端に及んで,吸器全體を取卷く。吸器の發育するにつれて膨張し,球形,楕圓形の緊張状態にある。
6. 吸器嚢は中性鹽類の溶液では菌,寄主細胞が死んでも膨張しその形は崩れないが,アルカリ性溶液,無機酸には顯著な作用を受ける。多種の色素に染まる。
7. 吸器が古くなると突起の構造が崩れ,吸器嚢は膨張状態を失ひ,後には吸器と寄主細胞の内容との境が見分けられなくなる。
8. キリンサウに寄生する菌の吸器嚢は寄主細胞の原形質の形成物と思はれる極めて厚層の褐色の物質で取卷かれる。

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の産卵行動の水槽内観察により, 5っの基本的動作を区別し, それらの出現頻度を産卵行動の進行過程に沿って記録した.その結果, 営巣中の雄は雌の接近により頻繁なfanning, upside-down movement, beatingを行い雌を巣中に誘いこむ.番いを形成すると雌雄は頻繁なupside-downmovement, weaving, quiveringを行い, 産卵する.産卵後の卵を保護中の雄には主にfanningとweavingが認められ, 両動作とも産卵後頻度は減少するが, 仔魚のふ化時に再度増加した.雄親魚によって保護されていた卵塊では, そうでない場合と比較して, 水生菌に侵された死卵がなく, また多数の死卵が落下することから, 雄親魚の巣中でのfanningとweavingは死卵を卵塊からかき落すことにより卵全体が水生菌によって侵されるのを防ぐ役割を持っているのではないかと示唆された.

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MH処理したタバコ葉上ではウ病菌の接合菌糸の発達が旺盛で子のう胞子が形成される.菌糸接合から子のう形成の経過を観察した.MH処理タバコは病菌の発育に栄養的に好適であり,かつ病細胞の寿命の長いことが子のう胞子形成に関与すると考えられる.
この実験には従来の慣行どおりウルトラパークおよび病表皮剥ぎとりを行つて検査したがスムプ法を併用すると表面における菌糸の行動がそのままはつきり写しとれるので,ウ病のような表面寄生菌検査には便利である.

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The calls of the fresh water goby Odontobutis obscura consisted of a train of about eight pulse sounds, with each lasting for about 9 msec and followed by a silent period of 30-40 msec. Each pulse sound was made of a frequency component of less than 1 KHz. They emitted vigorous calls during the reproductive season, May to July, while the calls were seldom heard in other seasons. No remarkable diurnal variation in the frequency of sound emitting was observed. The calls which are mainly used for threatening invaders, are made by the rubbing of the upper and lower pharyngeal teeth, and amplified by the swim-bladder. The power and the frequency range of a call are limited by the size of swim-bladder, namely the fish size.

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In November 1998, powdery mildew was observed on African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha H. Wendl.) in Morioka, Japan. There are no descriptions of the symptoms of this disease on African violet and the morphology of this fungus in Japan. A white, powdery mycelial colony appeared on petals and flower stalks of the plant. Conidia with fibrosin bodies were cylindric to doliform, 24-43×14-22μm in size and born in chain on conidiophores. Germ tubes from conidia were straight or occasionally nippleshaped. No cleistothecia was observed on the diseased plant. From the morphology at the conidial stage, the fungus was identified to be a species of Oidium.

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Distribution pattern and introgression of two groups of Odontobutis obscura, West Seto and Hikimi Groups, around the Takatsu River were surveyed utilizing six diagnostic allozyme markers. West Seto Group fish were distributed to the middle to lower reaches of the Takatsu River and the upper reaches of the Abu River, while Hikimi Group fish occurred in the upper reaches of the Takatsu River, the Tama River and the Masuda River. West Seto Group population must have invaded the Takatsu River from the Abu River through presumed tributary exchanges between the upper reaches of the Abu River and the Tsuwano River, atributary of the Takatsu River. Slight accidental introgressions were recognized in two localities from Hikimi to West Seto Group populations. However, these two groups were distributed parapatrically and well isolated each other in the Takatsu River basin.

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タバコとタバコ以外の寄主間の交換接種によつて,Erysiphe cichoracearumは原寄主と同一種において分生胞子による感染には困難があるが,子のう胞子では容易であることを明らかにした.

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Mogurnda obscura are the large eleotrid goby, about 15cm in length (Fig. 1: A, B). They are distributed in the western Japan, and are dwelling in rivers, brooks, lakes and swamps, and solitary in life (Fig. 2: A). Especially the river dwellers are found on sandy mud bottom of stagnant waters in middle and lower course of river. They are rather nocturnal and feeding on small fishes and crustaceans, especially small shrimps. They are active in warm seasons, especially in spawning season extending from April to June, and they have a tendency to become hibernant in winter.
The male fish are larger than the female, and they are polygamy. The sex dimorphism evidently appears in the form of genital papilla. No nuptial coloration appears in both sexes. The number of the ripe ovarian eggs, 1.5 to 1.9mm in diameter, were counted 934 to 3, 559 in 5 specimens ranging 95 to 162mm in total length (Table 1). The nest preferences were widely given to many kind of substances, e. g., stone, wood, bamboo, grass root, etc. in various forms. The egg masses were found mainly on underside of the nest shelters, and they were guarded by the male parent until the egg hatched out (Figs. 2, 3). A pair of the ripe fish, reared in an aquarium, spawned an egg mass on the inner wall of the earthernware pipe given as a nest. The egg is ellipsoid in shape, 5mm in long axis and 2mm in short axis. It is demersal adhesive one with a large yolk (Figs. 2, B: 3). The embryo hatched out after it developing to juvenile form (Fig. 4: A, B). The incubation period was about 30 days at 16 to 19°C.
The newly hatched larvae were 7.5mm in total length with separate ventral fins, and after the hatching they entered instantly into a bottom life (Fig. 4). The larvae as well as the ones of the relatives, M. (M.) adspersus and M. mogurnda, and shout, and grew in an aquarium (Fig. 1, C).
It is expected that the spawning is induced smoothly by the setting of artifical nest on the bottom of the habitat, because the nest is wanting under the natural condition. The authors adopted earthernware pipes and pieces of bamboo, about 30cm in length and 7cm in diameter, for the artificial nest, and attained a desired effect.

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　東京都港区の迎賓館庭園に植栽された2種の記念樹，フユボダイジュ（シナノキ科）とヨーロッパナラ（ブナ科）でうどんこ病の発生がみられた．両病原菌のテレオモルフの特徴より前者はわが国のシナノキ類に発生するUncinula oleosa var. zhengiiと同定され，後者は同庭園内のコナラに発生したMicrosphaera alphitoides var. alphitoidesと同一種と考えられた．

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