Brahmanism is the religious system organized by Aryans who invaded India about 1500 B. C. The Aryan tradition was a worship of the power of nature by hymns and sacrifices without idols or temples. Aryans praised many kinds of gods in the hymns of Veda, among them the most prominent one was Indra, god of the atmosphere and thunder, then the sun-god Surya. On the other hand, Indus civilization flourished about 2500 B. C., and inhabitants of the Indus Valley worshipped folk deities, for example, Mother-Goddesses, Negas etc. Brahmanism included such non-Aryan deities in its system. About 5th century B.C. Buddhism arose in India. The religious character of Buddhism was quite different to that of Brahmanism, but Buddhism absorbed Brahmanical deities above mentioned into its own pantheon, and expressed as images, at the first stage, in the period between the end of 3 rd century B.C. and the fall of the Gupta dynasty. In this article, I demonstrated concretely the meanings of such deities, the process of the changes of their forms and the characteristics of Indian Buddhist Art observed from such point of view.

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Ecole Franchise d'Extreme-Orient (EFEO) has made restoration in Angkor monuments since 1907 and recorded a lot of documentary about the causeway of Angkor Wat in Rapport sur les travaux executes dans le groupe d'Angkor. EFEO made a part restoration, not all, the southern side of the causeway of Angkor Wat in the 1960s. The remained part, the northern side, is now making restoration and researched here at the same time in order to make the structure of the causeway of Angkor Wat clear in view of masonry technique. The results had a lot of respects through dismantling and excavation, taking a data about structure problems and show us that Khmer engineers had many experience, knowledge and a skillful technique handling with Stones including soil improving to prevent the western causeway from rains.

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