【目的】コミュニティを重視して栄養課題の構造を検討すること、及び研修に重要なプログラムを検討することである。
【方法】保健省栄養セクションチーフの研修受入れ依頼があり、要請背景、研修のねらい、研修後に期待される成果等についてJICAと確認後、受入れた。研修は、研修員P氏（以下P氏とする）自身による課題分析の結果をふまえてテーマを決定した後、国の政策とコミュニティの活動をつなぐ講義、討議、実習のプログラムとした。教材として日本国内・外の栄養プログラムの実践事例やそこで実際に活用されたものを用いた。アクションプラン作成の為にコミュニティの資源と関係者の分析を行った。評価は、P氏による課題分析、コミュニティ分析、アクションプラン、及び、スタッフによるP氏の発言記録を分析した。
【結果】1）P氏による評価：（1）保健省の課題を整理できたがコミュニティの課題はできなかった。スタッフの支援により課題を再整理し、テーマを“コミュニティで入手可能な資源の重要性について家族が気づくための栄養プログラムを学ぶ”とした。（2）コミュニティ分析の結果、栄養改善のキーとなる場所にTea shopが挙げられた。（3）アクションプランに研修内容が多く活用された。2）スタッフによるP氏の発言分析：（1）態度の変化として5期のプロセス、第1期：栄養問題が改善できないのは現場の職員や組織の課題なのか。第2期：住民は何を望んでいるか。第3期：組織におけるポストが上位の人は何をすべきか。第4期：自分の業務に何が必要か。第5期：帰国後に一番に着手すべきことは何かであった。（2）スタッフの支援として、P氏の課題の明確化、コミュニティの視点で課題を整理する枠組みの提案、国の政策とコミュニティの活動をつなぐ方法の提示、国内・外行政資料についてコミュニティの視点からの再評価と資料の作成、効果的な教材開発のプロセスに関する情報の提供、コミュニティ分析が行われた。

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 This paper aims to discuss the areal extent and spatial structure of neighborhood, called tol, which possibly demarcate urban fabric with respect to worship and funeral procedure. Bhaktapur is known as one of the historic cities of the World Heritage Site in Kathmandu Valley. The analysis focuses on the house distributions that have the common votary area of the guardian deities' shrine and the use of the same crossing for funeral procedure.
 A tol is one of the traditional neighborhood units. But it is not clear how tols are structured and what tols have in common. First, we take a look into the existing studies on origin and outline of a tol, and pay special attention to the following two studies. A research done by Pant (2001) has taken the approach that the key to consider a tol is the areal extent of worship to the guardian deities, ganesh. Another research done by Gutschow (1975) has claimed that the clue to determine tol boundaries is the ways of the Dead to crematories. It consider a tol as equivalent to the areal extent of use of the same chwasa which is a stone found often at the crossings on the way to crematories from the diseased houses.
 Ganesh is often considered as a guardian deity at various neighborhood levels. That of a tol is called Tol Ganesh. A Tol Ganesh is normally placed on the main square in a tol, except when there is a presence of a more prominent deity of wider importance in the main square. People in the same tol usually worship the same Tol Ganesh. We find out that those living urban dwellings in located on both sides of a street worship to the same Tol Ganesh, but the depth of its areal extent on one side of a street seems shallow than the other side.
 Chwasa is an aniconic ritual artifact made of a single stone placed on the crossing. Various articles left by the diseased are disposed on the stone as a part of the funeral procedures, for example clothes, umbilical cord or inauspicious belongings of the dead. We found 7 chwasas in the case-study area to the east of Dattatraya square. However the inhabitants in the peripheral part of the old city do not use these chwasas but use the temples or the crematories outside the city area. People living in the midst of the city area after disposing articles of the dead on chvasa also use the temples afterwards.
 Next we compare the areal extent of worship to Tol Ganesh with that of use of chwasa. Whether or not a ganesh shrine and chwasa are closely placed will determines overlapping extent of both votary areas. However it became clear that the areal extent of use of chwasa have the same character with that of worship to Tol Ganesh in terms of Ryogawa-cho structure explained below and the difference in horizontal depth perpendicular to the street.
 Finally, our suevey located tol boundaries in the eastern part of Bhaktapur. It turned out that there were 2 types of tol boundaries. i.e. the more common type whose boundaries lying on the backside of houses (Ryogawa-cho type), and the other one with boundaries lying on the street (Katagawa-cho type). Compering these three boundaries, (Tol Ganesh, chwasa and tol), Katagawa-cho type tol boundaries seem to be an exception. But we will try to find particular meaning in them in the next paper on historic urban formation.

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日本乳腺甲状腺超音波診断会議 (JABT) よりその国際委員会を通じて, カトマンズ市のTribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH) に体表臓器超音波診断機器を贈呈したことを契機に超音波診断指導にカトマンズ市を訪問し, の乳癌診療の現状を知ることができたので報告する。また, この機会に知り合ったネパール人留学生アシェマさんにインタビューを行い, 一般のカトマンズ市民の乳癌に関する考えを聞くことができた。ネパール随一のTUTHにおいても乳癌はほとんど進行癌でしか発見されておらず, 温存療法はほとんど行われていない現状であった。また, 経済的理由で乳癌が発見されても患者が病院に来なくなることも問題であった。アシェマさんのインタビューにおいては, ネパールでは行政が行うような検診システムはまったく存在しないとのことであった。一般のネパール人の乳癌に対する知識がほとんど欠如しており, 今後乳癌で死亡する人を減らすためには啓発活動を行っていかなければならないとのことであった。

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 The paper deals with the exterior design of town houses both inside and outside monument zone of the eastern part of Bhaktapur in Kathmandu Valley registered as a World Cultural Heritage site in 1979. This paper consists of following four steps.
 1) Firstly, authors composed the original format of survey sheet for Nepali town houses. The categories of this sheet are grouped into four items, which are frame, silhouette, part and element, each of which contains more detailed categories. The survey sheet was completely made from scratch with reference to the several important existing researches. The number of samples are 104 buildings inside Monument Zone (core + buffer zone) of World Cultural Heritage and 73 buildings outside Monument Zone. More than 90 % of the total sample buildings are classified as townhouses.
 2) Secondly, the paper tries to submit a hypothesis on that either a town house experienced the extension of the upper floors or totally reconstructed during the course of time. Authors propose ‘eaves types’ as the key idea in this hypothesis. Eaves types are classified into 8 types depending on which floor level eaves are attached to. Eaves types are classified into three upper level groupings, i.e. pitched eaves group, flat eaves group and without eaves group. As for structure, pitched eaves group are basically masonry construction as opposed to the RCC construction (confined masonry) or mixed structure (masonry wall + RCC beams, masonry + RCC rooftop) for flat eaves group. In addition, three-storey buildings of without eaves group turned out to be masonry construction and four-storey buildings of the same group chiefly consist of RCC construction. The former eaves type shows similar characteristic to pitched eaves group. So does the latter to flat eaves group.
 Regarding the relations among eaves types, the paper made an attempt to establish a diagram that explains the transition among important eaves types whether an eaves type is reconstructed or just upper floors are extended.
 3) Result of the exterior design survey is primarily compared between inside and outside Monument zone of world cultural heritage. Further analysis is conducted by two levels as needed, i.e. comparison among eaves group and that among eaves types. The items to be examined here are frontage, roof shapes, roofing materials, finishing on the first floor wall, openings on the first floor as well as on the third floor, wood carving, window lattice and cornice between the second and the third floor. The result turned out show distinct characteristics among eaves types or eaves groups that led authors to provisional proof of the hypothesis with eaves types.
 4) Eaves types are finally confirmed with the construction period and upper floor extension period. In Nepal, for the past one century, prior to Nepal-Gorkha earthquake in April 2015 earthquake, two devastating earthquakes happened. They are Bihal-Nepal Earthquake in January 1934 and India-Nepal border region earthquake in August 1988. These years are applied to separation of periods for recovery from the disaster was the chances to reconstruct the affected buildings. The result of the comparison of reconstruction/extension periods with eaves types again very well explained the characteristics of each eaves type.

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