This paper considers the history background of two party system.In 1830s,America two party was established. There is composition,which the Democratic Party supporting Andrew Jackson,and the Wing party. In 1850s,The political Party is reorganized,regarding the slavery,the Democratic Party and the Republican Party was established.

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カナダの文化政策を国民国家形成の視点から再検討し、カナダ連邦政府が、カナダという多文化社会をいかに統合していこうとしているのか、とりわけ史跡指定という作業を通じてどのような統合を図ろうとしているのかを分析した。事例として、ケベック州にある「パピノーの館」を取り上げた。

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The purpose of this paper is to make clear the significance of the economic crisis in 1819 in the economic history of the United States. The premises for my analysis are as follows. At first, I think that the crisis in 1819 had a historical character in common with that of crisis in 1837, 1857 and 1873, respectively. In other words, it should be analyzed in close relation with the development of American capitalism from the time of the Independence to the Civil War, or its historical structure. Secondly, I want to stress that it was not merely a phase of the economic fluctuation but rather a critical period in which the various contradictions inherent in the capitalist regime expressed themselves explosively. And thirdly, the Civil War is an epoch-making event which brought about the great structural transformation of the U. S. economy. This means that the economic development in the later 19th century must not be treated as a mere continuous one from the early half of that century. From the above points of view, I focussed my attention to the following matters. (1) Analysis of the industrial structure as a setting of the 1819 crisis : I inquired, above all, whether the excessive speculation, which had caused it, was stimulated by the national factors or international ones. And I tried to make clear the relation between manufacturing industry and agriculture in the national economy by that time. Then I analyzed which parts of the manufacturing industries were more closely connected with the world market which was on its way of reorganization through English leadership, and finally discussed the significance of public land policy which was to be closely related with the above mentioned development of industry. (2) Analysis of the financial structure as a setting of the 1819 crisis: The Government's tight money policy gave rise to that sudden and critical form of the 1819 crisis, having been initiated by the preceeding excessive speculation as well as by the abnormal increase of grants of credit by banks. I tried, therefore, to clarify the problem of what had stimulated and encouraged the increase of speculation and excessive grant of bank credits. In short, the role of banks in the economic development is a matter of my great concern. As a result of my study, I found that the inner contradictions which provoked the 1819 crisis existed not in the economic development at the time of the Independance (characterized by a slave economy in the 'South' and a petit-bourgeois economy in the 'North'), but in the extraordinarily expanded market economy which was promoted by the early transplantation of modern banking system and manufacturing method and was accelerated by the public land policy. This process itself was connected with the reorganization of world market led by England on the one hand and with the development of "the American system" on the other. The policy of "contraction in 'credit" and "reduction of market" was adopted under such circumstances. At the end of 1821, however, the business condition was improving, because the new system of productive forces was beginning to be firmly set into the new system of production relations. Thus "the American system", supported by protectionist policies and the modern central banking system, could develop as a unique element in the U. S. economy

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This article aims to provide new research viewpoints on the transpacific trade of the Spanish empire in the second half of the eighteenth century and the first half of the nineteenth century. Generally, the economic impact of the Spanish empire in the global economy declined until the end of the seventeenth century because Spain was defeated in the race for colonies. As the previous works showed, the main research subject is the Manilla Galleon trade between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. However, Spain still had colonies in the Pacific connected by trade in the second half of the eighteenth century and the nineteenth century. Why did the research not focus on the trading system of the Spanish empire at the turn of the period from the Early Modern Period to the Modern Period? Based on this question, this article discusses the four following topics. The first chapter highlights the problem of research about the Spanish empire in the field of global history. Second, this article introduces the Manilla Galleon trade in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Next, it delineates the new trade system from the second half of the eighteenth century, searching for a new trade route around the Cape of Good Hope. Lastly, it discusses the Royal Philippine Company’s activities. The author focuses on the province of Guipúzcoa people in the Basque Country, the northern part of Spain, as the key members of the company. However, several subjects remain to be considered. For example, (1) the roles of Lima, El Callao (Peru), Santiago de Chile, and Valparaíso (Chile) in the transpacific trade should be examined. These commercial cities were influential on the Pacific coast of Latin America. (2) Furthermore, the linkage between the east coast of Latin America and Asia was overlooked, although it was a significant trade of the Royal Philippine Company. (3) Who participated in the transpacific trade? What was their social class? Where did the participants of the trade originate from? What kind of trade did they engage in besides transpacific trade? (4) We must research the contact or relationships both inside and outside of the empire. This contact remains unclear regarding many port cities and merchants in the Indian Sea. This article will contribute to world history by delineating the presence of the Spanish empire as one of the leading actors in the eighteenth and the early nineteenth centuries.

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Before half of the 19th century two events which changed the history of the world, were (1) the Industrial Revolution in England, and as a result of it, re-organization of the world market and (2) the movements which promoted consciously transition from feudalism to capitalism. These events gave great impulse for America. America made an attempt to subdue these by Hamiltonian Industrialism and protected her industries against the economic offensive from England with protective duty, reorganization of the monetary system, and internal improvement etc. It was necessary to enforce these policies for United States of America because she was to be encroached her home market without these, although "local market area" was formed and "manufacture=Industrielles Kapital was emerging at that time. Industrialization in America had started as nothing but this "correspondence" from superstructure. Therefore, its industrial organization had to build on base of the territorial division of labor-cotton, tobacco, sugar in the South, wheat, wheat flour in the West and manufacturing industry in the East, and left the fundation of domestic market in the stage of local market area as it was. And the improvement, and construction of cannals, rivers, and roads were done by the gorernment to develop this territorial division of labor. By our analysis, in stage of 1840, home market in America was dvelopping so far as to have two "regional market area"-(1) New-England, and New-York State, (2) Pennsylvania State where agricuture and industry were developping with balance. At that time industrial organization in America, in this way, was regulated under the world conditions that the center of international division of labor was english industries. In other words, it was based on the territorial division of lobor, above stated, which was composed of three section regulated by international division of labor. But in its organization developped a development of social division of labor=market relation which was going to break through it from inside. Under these conditions the factory system whcih was transferred or brought up by the govrenment patronage and the converting from merchant, was taken up in quickly by manufacture=Industrilles Kapital. Thus the area where combined New-England and Middle State, including the West, And the near Civil War, the more this tended to be fused into one market area. The economic growth in the North of United States became more speedy, before Civil War. Controversy on tariff problems and Bank of the United States expressed the opposition of economic interest on two economic fundation. And it had been decided finally in Civil War.

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