1．はじめに

コロナ禍のためオンライン授業の取り組みが一気に加速した．オンライン授業を体験したことのない教員や学生はほぼ居らず，物理教育シンポジウムなどを通して利点と欠点が議論されるように

The acquisition of decision-making skills using information and data is necessary in order to live in the current society which is full of uncertainty. However, statistical testing, one of the greatest inventions in statistics and the origin of decision-making theory, is mainly taught in tertiary education. This is because formal statistical testing requires very complicated calculations. This study, therefore, aims to develop an educational material about informal statistical testing which allows students to form the idea of statistical testing at all levels of education.

In order to do so, we paid attention to the teaching unit, which is a model material which can be used at all levels from elementary to high school. Then, we considered the relationship between statistical testing and reduction to the absurd, and developed the teaching unit “Pinball Board.” The aim of this teaching unit is to judge the validity of some statistical hypotheses based on observed information. Finally, we conducted a teaching experiment for students in junior high school using the teaching unit developed, and identified the efficacy and issues of teaching of the unit “Pinball Board.”

目的：地域医療構想が策定される中，少子化に伴う周産期医療再編は避けて通れない課題である．本研究は，組織的移行に臨んだ助産師のトランジションの経験を明らかにする事を目的に進めた．

方法：質的記述的研究方法を選択し，医療再編後の新設病院に勤務継続をした助産師計8名を対象に，周産期医療再編に伴って起きた選択と将来展望について半構造化面接を行い，意味ある語りのデータを分類，コード化しテーマを抽出した．

結果と考察：周産期医療再編を経た助産師のトランジションの経験は，4テーマと11カテゴリ，34サブカテゴリで構成され， 4テーマは〝終わりの意識化〟〝新体制構築への相反する思い〟〝期待と現実の差異に抱く混乱〟〝礎を築く責任感への気づき〟というプロセスを示した．

助産師のトランジションの経験は，旧体制との終わりを自覚しながらも，現実味の無さや納得感が得られない苦悩を抱く事から始まった．アイデンティティの再統合が十分に行えないまま，旧体制の幕引きと新体制構築を決断した助産師は，再編後の体制に期待に反する感情を抱き，準備や知識の欠如を感じる混乱を経験した．しかし，新体制構築の責任を全うするために挑戦する直向きな意思を表わし，スタッフや患者との連帯感の気づきから移行の潜在的プロセスを促進させていった．

This study focused on monitoring and enhancing individualsʼ psychological resources and developed a psychological capital scale applicable to rural communities in Japan. Psychological capital encompasses an individualʼs positive state, composed of four elements, namely hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism. Previous studies have demonstrated its correlation with individual and organizational performance. We first created a provisional version of the scale, considering previous studies on psychological capital primarily utilized in the workplace and its relevance to rural planning in Japan. Then, we assessed its construct validity and finalized the scale using data from a questionnaire survey. The respondents were 300 rural residents from 43 prefectures, selected and gathered through an online survey. We devised two types of scales : a standard type consisting of 12 questions and a shorter version with eight questions, both reflecting the four facets of psychological capital. We named these scales Psychological Capital Scale for Rural Community : PCR-12 and PCR-8. Both scales demonstrated reliability and construct validity across content, substantive, and external aspects, indicating their ability to capture the concept of psychological capital and describe and predict attitudes and activity levels toward rural development. Employing this scale in empirical studies or rural planning initiatives alongside other capital types such as human capital and social capital could enhance both rural planning efforts and the refinement of this scale.